Lisa C. Townes

The role of psychology in business is considerably great as Importance of Business psychology cannot be ignored in the contemporary field especially when psychology has developed itself as a science with its various branches to study the human mind and to work accordingly. Business Psychology is one of the main branches of psychology.

Different methods are used by psychologists to calculate data, to get information about a certain subject, to evaluate and then to use better strategies for a flourishing business.

The objectives of business psychology are diverse. It aims to study and understand work conditions, and applies desirable policies in the work field, communicate employee to make it better. So, the individuals work in a more effective manner and organizations can stabilize themselves in the market where competition is the part and parcel of life.

Uses of Psychology in Business

Psychology in business accommodates itself by managing, supporting and training employees. Business psychologists assist people to understand others, how they come in contact with technology, in making different types of advertising campaigns, in designing products which public demands. They work in a conducive way and adopt an impartial set of mind and suggest ways to workers to cope with many problems.

Most of the Multi-National Organizations interpret Importance of Psychology in Huma Resource Management, they hire Psychologist in HR department as HR team to perfectly conduct all Functions of Human Resource Management and achieve organizational long and short-term goals.

Research Methods in Business Psychology

Psychologists make use of a variety of methods regarding business.

Case Study Method

Of course, there are different types of business so business psychologists take into consideration a specific subject. Data is collected by them through different interviews, observations, and psychological tests. Also, the public develops a sense of ownership of the product when it is asked about the products which are to be promoted by a company. They feel being trusted by certain companies.

Survey Method

This method is quite advantageous as it provides a lot of information using inferential statistics and content analysis.

For example

A business psychologists design a questionnaire related to an advertisement for a product for which he wants to know whether the public will appreciate it or not. Hence questionnaires are distributed among public and so data is collected. He arranges the data with the aid of statistics and at last, comes to a conclusion.

Goals Achieved Through Psychology in Business

• Through the use of scientific research methods, psychologists try to discover new techniques to increase the rate of productivity.
• Business psychology tries to acknowledge the needs of employees.
• It works to create a better workplace where people feel motivated enough to work.
• It makes use of such policies which attract employees.
• Another goal of psychology is to design better products.
• It promotes healthy behaviour.

How Does Business Psychology Work?

There are different ways through which psychologists work.

Unbiased Attitude

Business Psychologists like professionals are not permitted to biased and prejudiced. So, they stay impartial and offer advice which is truly amenable.

Diagnostic Method

Psychologists in different industries help to solve different issues and affairs by using scientific research methods. Through these methods, they try to study mind processing of all the individuals at the workplace.

Comfortable Workplace Environment

Business psychologists assure that the working zone is kept tranquil so workers can perform best. As researches have proved that noisy work zone effects the minds of employees and they either feel depressed or agitated.

Problem-Solving

Employees are not motivated every time because of various psychological, economical and work-based problems. They help employees to solve disparate problems related to work.

Implementation

They not only offer the solution to problems but also suggest the way for implementation.

Assessment and Evaluation

By considering individuals individually, workplace environment, data management, and welfare, they work to designate the rejuvenating environment.

Lisa C. Townes

Lisa is a passionate travelers. She spends 3 months every year visiting different places worldwide. She has visited almost every famous place in the world. She herself is an affiliate blogger

The iron and steel Industry of a country has a strong impact on the economy. It performs manufacturing functions of combining different metals to make Steel with most Iron. The industry history started back in the 1850s. Everything made of Iron or steel starts from here including HMS, LMS, Steel Billets, Railway lines, home construction materials, and daily use items.

Every country tries its best to produce as much as it can by using its resources. This industry is backed by iron ore and the most consumed product is coal to melt hard iron and reshapes it according to needs. It is the most recycled industry in the world. The iron and steel industry produced over 1628000000 tones in the world with recycling of 40-50% of production.

Types of Steel

Steel has many types and grades depending on its composition. Mostly it contains carbon and iron but there are varying quantities of other alloying elements. Here, we are going to discuss 4 major types of steel.

• Carbon Steel
• Tool Steel
• Stainless Steel
• Alloy Steel

Carbon Steel

This type of steel contains mainly carbon and iron, the other elements are only present in trace amounts. It is the most common type and constitutes 90% of the total steel production in the world. Carbon steel is cheaper than other types and for this reason, steel industries produce it in huge quantities. It is very frequently used in construction. Based on the amount of carbon present in it, carbon steel is further sub-classified into 3 types, these are:

• Low carbon steels/mild steels (up to 0.3% carbon)
• Medium carbon steels (0.3–0.6% carbon)
• High carbon steels (more than 0.6% carbon)

Tool Steel

As the name suggests, tool steel is used to make tools. It is used in making drilling and cutting equipment. Its composition includes cobalt, tungsten, vanadium, and molybdenum which makes this type of steel highly durable and heat resistant. They are the choice of steel to make hand tools as they have the capability of holding their shape even under heavy use.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is composed of 10–20% chromium, nickel, carbon, manganese, and silicon. They have the extraordinary ability to survive adverse weather conditions. For this reason, it is commonly used in outdoor construction. Stainless steel is also used in electrical devices, medical devices, food processing machinery, pipes, cutting equipment, and pressure vessels. 304 stainless steel is the most common type of stainless steel that withstands harsh weather conditions and keeps electrical materials safe.

Alloy Steel

Alloy steel is made by the combination of many different alloying elements including manganese, silicon, nickel, boron, molybdenum, vanadium, and chromium. The presence of these various alloying elements increases the strength, toughness, hardness, and wearing resistance of alloy steel. Alloy steels are classified into two main types, low-alloy steels, and high-alloy steels. It is most commonly used to manufacture pipes, and heating elements such as toasters, pots, and other silverware.

Uses of Steel

Steel is very important in manufacturing different materials. Some of the common uses of steel are mentioned here:

• It is used in making vehicles and machines.
• It is used as cutlery material.
• Steel is used to make surgical implants.
• It is also utilized to make different packaging materials.
• Many household appliances like TV, sinks, fridge, oven, etc. are made of steel.
• It is also used in making weapons.
• Steel is used for architectural and infrastructural purposes.
• The solar, hydro, or wind power sources are composed of steel components.

Top 10 Steel Producing Countries in the World

The following table contains a list of the largest steel-producing countries in 2022, along with their global share in total steel production in the world.

China

China is the world’s largest steel producer. The history of iron and steel manufacturing in China is very old. The modern blast furnace was erected in 1980 in China. The first modem steel plant was constructed in Manchuria. The iron and steel centers in China are located in the Southern Manchurian region, Northern China and Yangtze Valley. But the Mukdon, Anshan, Shantung, Beijing, Shensi, Chungking, Shanghai, and Chilling Chen are the Main regions of China.

Chinese steel quality is better compared to the rest of the world. China Smelt 489.4 million metric tons of pig iron and 489.2 million metric tons of crude steel production by China. This is more than 1/3 production of the total crude steel manufactured in the world.

Major Steel Companies in China

The following list contains some major steel companies in China:

• China Steel Corporation
• Ansteel Group
• Nippon Steel Corporation
• Baowu
• ArcelorMittal
• Jianlong Steel
• Liuzhou Iron & Steel

India

India is the 2nd largest steel producer in the world with a record production of 124.8 million metric tons of steel in 2022. The history of the iron and steel industry in India started in 1907 when Tata Steel was established in Sakchi, Jamshedpur. India possesses big iron ore, coal, and limestone deposits, which give birth to rapid steel manufacturing. Jamshedpur, Burnpur, Bhadravati, Rourkela, Bhilai, Durgapur, and Bokaro are the main steel smelting, centers in India. Recently, India’s crude steel production was 53.1 million metric tons, while production of pig iron was 28.8 million metric tons.

Major Steel Companies in India

Major steel companies in India are:

• Tata Steel
• Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
• JSW Steel
• ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel India
• Bhushan Steel
• Essar Steel
• Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL)
• Jindal Steel & Power Limited (JSPL)

Japan

Japan is the 3rd largest steel producer in the world. In 2022, Japan produced 89.2 million metric tons of steel. The growth of the Japanese steel industry is indeed a perplexing phenomenon. Japan secured a position in crude steel manufacturing. The latest technology adopted in the steel manufacturing process made Japan one of the leading steel-producing countries in the world.

The principal producing regions are Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Yamaguchi, Osaka, Kobe, Oka Yamaha, and Hokkaido. Japan smelted 120.2 million metric tons of crude steel and 86.8 million metric tons of pig iron. At present 13 steel mills are working in Japan, with a smelting capacity of more than 10 million metric tons each.

Major Steel Companies in Japan

A list of major steel companies in Japan is given below:

• Mitsubishi Steel Mfg. Co., Ltd.
• Sumitomo Corporation
• Mitsui & Co., Ltd
• Aichi Steel
• Shagang Group
• Nakayama Steel Works
• Sadoshima Corporation

United States

The iron and steel industry in the USA is prominent in the world because of the abundance of raw materials in these regions. Due to this reason, it is the leading producer of Iron and Steel in the world. The United States stands in the 4th position as the largest producer of steel in the world.

The major iron and steel manufacturing regions in the U.S.A. are, Pittsburg, Youngstown, Wheeling and Steubenville, Lower Great Lake region, steel centers are located at Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Detroit, and Lorain. In the western region of California, Pueblo, Fontana, and Utah State Provo are also important steel centers. The United States enjoyed its supremacy in steel manufacturing from 1900 to 1969, but now it is the third largest steel manufacturer in the world. US steel production was 98.2 million metric tons and 36.2 million tons of pig iron in recent years.

Major Steel Companies in the United States of America

Here is a list of some main steel companies in the United States:

• ArcelorMittal
• Nucor Corp
• POSCO
• U.S. Steel
• Nippon Steel
• Cleveland-Cliffs
• King Steel Corporation
• JFE Steel Corporation

Russia

Russian Industry is the fifth largest iron and steel producer among all nations. The steel industry first took birth in the Moscow region some 300 years back. At present in Central Moscow, Tula region, Tula and Ghorki are the main steel centers. The Ural Mountains region is another main steel manufacturing region. Magnitogorsk is the biggest steel smelting center in this region, while Kuznetsk is another famous iron and steel center in the Ural region. Leningrad and Liyapaya are also steel smelting centers. During 2007, its crude steel production was 72.4 million metric tons and 51 million tons of pig iron.

Major Steel Companies in Russia

Some famous steel companies of steel in Russia are:

• Evraz
• Novolipetsk Steel
• Severstal PJSC
• Rusal
• Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company
• Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works

South Korea

South Korea has become one of the largest steel and pig iron manufacturing countries in the world market now; it is the 6th largest steel smelting country in the world. In 2022, they produced 65.9 million metric tons of steel and contributed 3.5% of the global share of steel production in the world. Korea is the big importer of iron ore in the international market. Cluing Hong, Pusan, Masan, and Seoul are important manufacturing centers in South Korea. Crude steel and pig iron production in South Korea were 51.5 and 29.4 million metric tons.

Major Steel Companies in South Korea

The major steel companies in South Korea include:

• Dongkuk Steel
• KG Steel
• POSCO
• Hyundai Steel
• Seah Steel Holdings

Germany

Germany is ranked number 7th in the list of largest steel producers in the world. In 1990, after the reunification of East and West Germany, the country became one of the major steel manufacturing countries in the world. Most of Germany’s steel output comes from the Great Ruhr industrial Region. The vast coal deposits of Ruhr Valley, Upper Silesia, Lansing, and Erg bury have provided excellent opportunities to develop the steel industry. Crude steel production was 48.6 million metric tons, while it produced more than 31 million metric tons of pig iron.

Major Steel Companies in Germany

Following are some famous steel companies in Germany:

• Otto Wolff
• Ferrostaal
• Dillinger Hütte
• German Steel Trust
• Hoesch AG
• Reichswerke Hermann Göring

Turkey

Turkey is the 8th largest steel producer in the world and the 1st largest in Europe with the production of over 35.1 million metric tons in 2022. There are 26 electric arc furnace mill plants in the country. Turkey exports its steel mainly to North America and the Middle East. Their exports to North America increased by 53.2% in 2020.

The largest steel-producing areas in Turkey are:

• Marmara production area (capacity: 15.2 million tons),
• Aegean production area (capacity: 11.3 million tons),
• Mediterranean production area (production capacity: 16.7 million tons),
• Black Sea production area (capacity: 8.3 million tons).

Major Steel Industries in Turkey

The following are major steel industries in Turkey:

• Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. Inc.
• Eregli Iron and Steel Factories TAS
• Icdac Celik Energy Shipyard and Transportation Industry Inc.
• Colakoglu Metallurgy A.S.
• Toscelik Profile and Sheet Industry Inc.
• Borcelik Celik San

Brazil

Brazil stands at the 9th position of the world’s largest steel producer. The development of the steel industry in Brazil is spectacular and since 1973, production of steel has witnessed a more than 300% increase. Consumption of steel, within Brazil, is low; therefore, it exports huge amounts of steel to the international market.

Most of the industry is located around Sao-Pulo and Caramba. Santa Catarina is another steel manufacturing center in Brazil. Brazil possesses huge amounts of iron ore near Minus Geraes. Brazil produced 33.6 million tons of crude steel and 35.6 million metric tons of pig iron.

Major Steel Companies in Brazil

Here is a list of major steel industries in Brazil:

• Aço Verde do Brasil
• Aperam
• ArcelorMittal
• Gerdau
• Sinobras
• Ternium
• Usiminas
• Vallourec

Iran

Iran ranks 10th position in the list of the world’s largest steel-producing countries. During World War II Iran’s steel industry faced major consequences but two decades after, they brought up the idea of establishing a steel plant as the demand for steel products increased. In 2022, Iran managed to produce 30.6 million metric tons of steel. There has been an 8% increase in crude steel production by Iran in 2022. Most of Iran’s steel factories are located in Esfahan, Yazd, and Kerman provinces.

Major Steel Companies in Iran

The following list contains major steel companies in Iran:

• Esfahan Steel Company
• Khorasan Steel
• Mobarakeh Steel Company
• Saba Foulad Zagros

Other Major Steel-Producing Countries in the World

Here are some other major countries with large steel industries along with their total steel production in million tons in 2022 and their global share in the world.

Conclusion

Steel is an alloy of mainly iron and carbon. It may also contain other alloying elements such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, etc. Steel is used in manufacturing many things such as automobiles, construction materials, cutlery, machinery, and other industrial equipment. Steel is classified into different types depending upon its classification. These types are stainless steel, tool steel, alloy steel, and carbon steel. Almost 64 countries in the world produce steel now however the ten largest steel-producing countries include China, India, Japan, the United States, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Turkey, Brazil, and Iran.

Lisa C. Townes

Lisa is a passionate travelers. She spends 3 months every year visiting different places worldwide. She has visited almost every famous place in the world. She herself is an affiliate blogger

The Woolen Industry makes varieties of cloth with different types of wool. By using long fibers of Merinos, worsted clothes are produced. Tweed, Blankets, and Flannel are produced by using short fibers called woolen clothes. Shoddy clothes are made by mixing some new with old cloth. Wool as a raw material is impure and highly variable fiber and is sold in the form of fleece wool, clipped from the sheep. After arriving in the mill, the wool undergoes a cleaning process that shrinks its weight by one-third or even up to two-third-dirt, and grease is removed from raw wool. After cleaning, spinning, weaving, and filling, finishing is done.

Most of the natural fibers utilized for modern textiles are the very ones used in the far-distance past, near about 1700 B.C. For many centuries the making of textiles was an important handy craft and household industry. After the industrial revolution, machine fabrication changed the ages-old household art into both an art and a science. The wool production manufacturing industry is perhaps older than the cotton textile industry. People of high and middle latitudes early recognized the virtues of wool in their cold milieus: because of its long fibers covered with barbs, which could preserve heat and absorb moisture.

Uses of Wool

Following are some of the main uses of wool:

• It is used to make woolen yarn which is used to make woolen sweaters, gloves, and caps.
• It is used to make clothes, especially coats, and trousers. Socks, cardigans, and other fleece items also consist of wool.
• Wool-insulated outerwear is used to keep you warm during the winter and balances the thermal balance of the body.
• Wool is also used to make activewear, usually worn during exercise. The moisture management property of wool helps to prevent the itchy feeling due to sweating.
• It is also used while designing clothes for firefighters. It does not melt or shrink when exposed to high temperatures.
• High-quality wool is also used in making carpets.
• It is used in soft furnishings and bedding. Household items like blinds, cushions, wallpapers, and lampshades all involve wool.
• Duvets, quilts, and blankets have wool in them to keep you warm in cold weather.
• Wool is also used in insulating walls and buildings.
• A by-product of wool, lanolin is used in adhesive tapes and provides auto lubrication.

Factors for the Development of the Wool Textile Industry

The physical and Socio-Economic factors are responsible for the location and development of the textile industry. The Initial Factors are:

• Raw material
• Climate
• Energy resources
• Water availability
• Availability of Market
• Location Factor
• Sufficient amount of Capital
• Skill Labour Force
• Government Patronage
• Government Policy for Industrial Development
• Means of Transportation
• Industrial Solid Waste Management
• Availability of the latest technology

Top 10 Wool Production Industry by Country

Based on the quantity, the woolen industry is limited and distributed only to specific places in Europe, North America, and North-East and Southern Asia. The modern woolen industry developed in Central Europe and after the Industrial Revolution, it was revolutionized in the United Kingdom. Then it spread to European countries and North America and Asian countries. The following are the top ten countries prominent in the woolen industry.

China

After the Revolution of 1949, wool manufacturing was largely replaced by the machine industry. Today, China ranks first in manufacturing in the world. The harsh climate and population have created a large local market. China produces large quantities of woolen, worsted, hosiery, and blankets for home and international markets. Machine carpet manufacturing is also one of the largest industries in China. Shanghai and Canton are major wool manufacturing centers in China. Despite being on the top of the list for wool production, China has to import a large quantity of wool to fulfill the needs of the huge population. In 2022-2021, China spent $2.5B on wool imports. They mostly import from Australia which comes in the 2^nd position for wool production.

Australia

Australia contributes 16% of the global share of wool production. They are the largest wool exporter in the world. In 2021, Australia earned 2.28 billion dollars from its wool exports. Wool is produced in all states of Australia including New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia. However, the Northern Territory does not produce any wool. The climate of Australia is such that it supports the life of Merino sheep, known for their exceptional quality of wool. Merino wool from Australia is used in 90% of the apparel worldwide. 71.6 million sheep were shorn in the year 2021-2022.

New Zealand

New Zealand comes in 3^rd position in the world’s largest wool producers list. It has an 8-9% global share of wool production in the world. New Zealand’s wool is coarser than Australian wool and is used in making carpets. Most of this type of wool is grown in Southland and Green Hills. During the Korean War, the USA imported large quantities of wool from New Zealand. Earlier there were almost 70 million sheep responsible for producing tons of wool but later this number decreased to 26 million. However, the sheep in New Zealand are shorn twice a year which makes New Zealand a top wool-producing country.

Turkey

Turkey is known for its influential textile industry, with more than 35000 textile companies. Turkey shares 4% of the global production of wool. In 2020, it produced 79,754 tons of wool. Turkey’s most famous type of wool is Kivircik wool. It is grown mainly in the Thrace region around Havza, Edirne, and Luleburgaz. Most commonly this type of wool is used in hand knitting and weaving cloth. The domestic wool production in Turkey is not sufficient to fulfill the needs of the entire Turkish Textile Industry, so they import wool from other countries such as Australia, China, and New Zealand. In 2021, Turkey spent 273K dollars on wool imports.

United Kingdom and Northern Ireland

The U.K. pioneered the production of woolen goods, it developed as early as the 13th century, and the United Kingdom dominated woolen textiles for 700 years, from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution had a profound effect on the geography of the industry. The West Riding of Yorkshire has about 85% of Britain’s woolen operatives. The chief centers are Bradford, Huddersfield, and Leeds. Other areas of manufacturing are the Tweed Valley of Scotland, Lancashire, and southeast England. There are 45,000 sheep farmers and 34 million sheep in the UK responsible for producing 70,000 tons of wool every year.

Morocco

Morocco is the 6^th largest wool producer in the world. It is used in the production of clothes, carpets, and tents. Wool production has continuously increased in the country for the past 40 years. In 1977, wool production was recorded at 11,000 tons and since then it has increased almost 5 times as in 2020, the wool production is recorded at almost 60,000 tons. The wool trading is very strong in Morocco, most of the wool is exported to France and Belgium. From France, it earned $224k, and from Belgium $128k. on the other hand, Morocco imports wool from New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and Greece.

Iran

In 2020, Iran was recorded to produce 58,372 tons of wool making it the 7^th largest wool producer in the world. Iranian wool is thicker and is used in making carpets. The two famous zones for producing wool in Iran are Kermanshah and Khorasan. There are over 102 industrial wool spinning mills in Iran, responsible for producing 24,000 tons of yarn per year. In 2019, Iran was the 15^th highest importer of wool as it bought $17.9 million worth of wool. Iran imports mainly from, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany. Most of the domestic production of wool is utilized in the carpet business of the country.

Russia

Russia ranks in the 8^th position among the largest wool-producing countries. Russian woolen industry was located in Moscow and Leningrad, while Black Earth Centre and Central Volga region also produce the course, woolen products. After the Second World War, the woolen industry was shifted to the wool-producing regions of the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. After the independence of Central Asian States in 1991, Russian Federation imports wool from these states, and the Moscow region has become the main center for wool manufacturing. There are almost 25 million sheep in Russia and among them, 60% are Merino sheep, producing the world’s finest quality wool.

South Africa

South Africa has a strong history of wool textile industries. In the 1700s, merino sheep were brought to Cape which produced ”cape wool.” This type of wool is less elastic than Australian wool and is mainly used in making shawls and hosiery. Since then, Eastern Cape is the ideal place for wool production in South Africa. More than 100 million kg of wool is obtained from 27000 wool producers. Commercial wool producers are responsible for producing 80% of the entire wool clip of the country. The wool textile industry contributes a major role in the country’s economy and trade. In 2021, South Africa earned 325 million dollars by exporting wool to China, Germany, and Italy.

India

India is in the 10^th position of the world’s largest wool producers. It shares 3% of the global share of wool production in the world. Indian wool is a bit rough and is known as ”carpet-grade,” a type mainly used to make carpets and rugs. Woolen manufacturing was the age-old industry cottage in the northwestern states of India, particularly the valley of Kashmir is notable. While the first modern woolen textile mill was established in 1876 at Kanpur. Punjab, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh are the foremost producers of woolen goods in India, they account for 73% of the total spindle-age capacity. While Gujrat, Karnataka, West Bengal, and Jammu & Kashmir are next in importance. Punjab is leading in the woolen industry, Dariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Kharar are the main centers.

Top Ten Wool Producing Countries and Their Imports and Exports

Wool is an important part of a country’s economy. These countries earn through the import and export of the wool they produce each year. The following table mentions these countries along with their imports and imports in value.

Other Countries of the World Producing Wool

Following are some of the other countries producing wool:

• The United States of America
• Argentina
• Japan
• France
• Pakistan
• Germany
• Sudan
• Peru
• Canada
• Uruguay
• Portugal

Conclusion

Wool is a popular textile fiber obtained from sheep and some types of goats. It is an important part of any textile industry. It is utilized in making different clothing items such as sweaters, cardigans, socks, and gloves. They provide insulation and manage the thermal balance of the body. The world’s largest wool-producing countries include China, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Morocco, Iran, Russia, South Africa, and India. Wool plays an important role in the economy of these countries by providing jobs to millions and earning a great deal from exports and imports.

Lisa C. Townes

Lisa is a passionate travelers. She spends 3 months every year visiting different places worldwide. She has visited almost every famous place in the world. She herself is an affiliate blogger

The word cotton comes from the Arabic word “al-qutn” and is a member of the Malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes hibiscus, Pavonia, and mallow plants. It is a white fibrous agricultural product; it’s an example of a primary economic activity that has a wide variety of uses, from textile production to creating paper, to producing oil and food products. It is grown all around the globe and is traded internationally as well the international cotton trade is led by the United States and the African nations and totals more than $12 billion annually.

There are many types of industries in the world but the Cottage industry is very famous at the local and international levels. The cottage industry is an industry, mainly manufacturing, which involves many producers working part-time from their homes. The term was initially used to refer to workers who were engaged in tasks like lace-making, sewing, or household manufacturing.

Cotton Cultivation

The cultivation appears to have begun in present-day Pakistan approximately 6,000 years ago. The Harappa civilization of the Indus River Valley exported cotton fabrics to the early Semitic peoples of the Middle East as well as the Egyptians starting around 3000 B.C.E.; from there, made its way into Nubia, Meroe, and the interior of Africa.

Similar cultivation took place in America independently, albeit later: the ancient Peruvian Moche and Nazca civilizations, which flourished as Rome was declining in Europe, made extensive use of cotton fabric.

Factors for Cotton Textile Industry Development

These Physical and Socio-Economic factors are responsible for the location and development. The initial factors such as:

• Raw material
• Climate
• Energy resources
• Water availability
• Geography
• Availability of Market 6: Location Factor
• Sufficient amount of Capital
• Skill Labor Force
• Government Patronage
• Government Policy for Industrial Development
• Means of Transportation
• Industrial Solid Waste Management

Types of Cotton

More specifically, cotton is classified with a genus of tropical and subtropical shrubs known as Gossypium.

There are four commercial species of cotton, the most common are:

• Gossypium Hirsutum, (A variety native to Mesoamerica, Mexico, Florida, and the Caribbean)
• Arboreum or “tree cotton,” (Grows in India and Pakistan)
• Barbadebse or “Creole,” or “Egyptian” cotton, (A South American variety)
• Herbaceum or “Levantine” cotton (Native to southern Africa and the Middle East)

Top 10 Cotton Textile Industries in the World

Although the cotton textile industry is widespread, only 40 countries manufacture it at a large scale and export it to the international market. Following are the top ten cotton-producing countries along with their total cotton production in 2022.

China

Textile manufacturing is one of the oldest cottage industries in China. Industrial development took place after the Communist Revolution in 1949. Now large enterprises are the backbone of the Chinese cotton textile industry.

The cotton textile industry is spread over 18 provinces. Shanghai, Manchuria, Tienshan, Beijing, Chuang, Nanchang, and Lanchow are major cotton textile manufacturing centers. Honanfu and Wushan are other important areas in the southern Hwangho River valley. The Yangtze River valley, Tienshan, Shantung, Shanghai, and Kaifeng rectangle manufacture more than 55% of cotton textiles in China.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in China

Here is a list of the top 10 textile companies in China:

• Waste2Wear
• FUJIAN BAILONG LACE MANUFACTURE CO., LTD
• JINJIANG SANJING WEAVING CO., LTD
• SHAOXING GLOBAL CHEMICAL FIBER CO., LTD
• Hangzhou Saint Glory Home Textile Co., Ltd
• StockOn
• GYJ Textile Co., Ltd.
• KDC Textile Co. Ltd
• Microfiber Cleaning -Korean Materials Co. Limited
• Sample King

India

The cotton textile industry in India was most firmly rooted before the modern machine industry beginning in 1818 at Fort Gloster near Calcutta but the real success was the first mill established at Bombay in 1851. The Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka states are major contributors to cotton textiles; Solapur, Mumbai, Poona, Nagpur, Jalgaon, Broach, Baroda, Bhavnagar, Surat Cambay, Coimbatore, Kanpur, and Amritsar are major cities in cotton textile manufacturing. Maharashtra and Gujrat states are equipped with 104 textile mills and contribute 40% of output.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in India

These are the top ten cotton textile industries in India:

• Arvind Ltd.
• Vardhman Textiles Ltd.
• Welspun India Ltd.
• Raymond Ltd.
• Trident Group
• K P R Mill Ltd.
• Page Industries Ltd.
• Nitin Spinners Ltd.
• Rupa & Company Ltd.
• Himatsingka Seide Ltd.

United States of America

The textile Industry in the US is one of the front-runners among manufacturing countries. The first cotton textile mill was established in Rhode Island in 1790. In the New England States, the industry is concentrated in the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Providence, Woonsocket, New Bedford, Fall River, Taunton, Beverly, Lowell, and Manchester. The belt of plains and hills between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic possesses 85% cotton spindles and produces 75% of the U.S.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in the United States of America

Following are the top ten cotton textile companies in the United States:

• American Bag Corp.
• Bayeux Fabrics
• CMI Industries, Inc.
• Desmon Mills
• Fabrictex
• Guilford Mills Inc.
• Interface Interior Fabrics
• Kent Manufacturing Co.
• Master Knits
• L. W. Packard and Company, Inc.

Brazil

The cotton textile industry in Brazil began in 1860 in Bahia and the cotton-growing region. Abundant raw materials, a large domestic market, and cheap hydel powder have boasted in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Belem, Fortaleza, Joao Pessoa, Recite, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, and Sao Paulo are important cotton textile manufacturing centers. 92% of the total cotton in Brazil is produced in the dryland areas.

Brazil has improved its cotton textile industry by introducing cutting-edge technology, improving growing techniques, and hiring professional farmers. Their cotton production doubled over the years, it was almost 1.3 million tons in 2015/2016 and in 2020/2021 it increased to 2.7 million tons.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Brazil

Following is the list of some major textile companies in Brazil:

• Evora SA.
• Fabricato SA.
• H and M Hennes and Mauritz GBC AB.
• Hyosung Corp.
• Merrow Sewing Machine Co.
• Pettenati Industria Textil SA.
• Santana Textiles Group.
• Santista Argentina SA.

Pakistan

The cotton textile industry in Pakistan could be termed the ‘backbone’ of Pakistan’s economy. It is the largest and greatest source of foreign exchange earnings. The spinning sector is one of the most important sectors. After independence, the first Valika Cotton Textile Mill was established in Karachi in 1948.

Karachi is now the center of industry, while Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Sheikhpura, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan, Okara, Khairpur, Jhang, and Gujranwala are other cotton textile manufacturing centers. It is composed of more than 444 textile mills and with an installed capacity of 146 thousand rotors and 8.6 million spindles.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Pakistan

The top cotton textile companies in Pakistan include:

• Fateh Textile Mills
• Chenab Limited
• Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited
• Husein Industries Limited
• Kohinoor Mills Limited
• Nishat Mills Limited
• Fazal Cloth Mills Limited
• National Silk and Rayon Mills Limited
• Safa Textile Limited
• The Crescent Textile Mills Limited

Uzbekistan

In Uzbekistan, cotton is also known as ”white gold.” It comes in the 6^th position of largest cotton producers in the world. Most of the cotton farms are located on the outskirts of Aydar Lake, Tashkent, and along the Syr and Amu Darya. In 2010 and 2011, the area under cotton production constituted almost 1.3 million hectares. Uzbekistan ranks at 82^nd position in the world’s largest economy list, hence cotton production is crucial for them. It is a cash crop of the country and accounted for 17% of the exports in 2006. It mainly exports cotton to China, Russia, Korea, and Bangladesh.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Uzbekistan

Here is a list of ten textile companies in Uzbekistan:

• Uz Cotton Group
• Daka-Tex
• Global Textile
• BCT
• Classtex
• Gurlan Global
• Alliance Textile
• Indorama
• Posco International Textile
• Uztex Group

Turkey

Turkey is the 7^th largest cotton producer with a record of producing 631,000 tons in 2022. The main production areas include Çukurova, Aegean Region, and south-eastern Anatolia. The ideal time to plant cotton in Turkey is from April to June and it is harvested from September to November. Turkish cotton is of high quality as it has a crystalline structure, rigid cellulose chains, and is highly fibrillar. The cotton production was 55,000 MT in 1925-1930. Since then, it has increased a lot, from 2011 to 2015, it has been increased to up to 854,000 MT. The consumption is greater than the production so it imports some cotton from Azerbaijan, Greece, Uzbekistan, and Brazil.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Turkey

These are ten major textile companies in Turkey:

• Hermes Textile
• Nesic Textile Narrow Woven Industry Inc
• Ozkok Workwear & Promotional Textile
• Ilk-on Textile
• Alpino Textile
• Hunter Textiles Ltd.
• Pelini Home Textile
• Ozra Textile Company
• Merem Textile
• Anatolia Textile Ltd.

Australia

Australia is the 8^th largest cotton producer with over 1500 cotton farms all over the country. The main production areas are located in the Northern Territory, central and southern Queensland, northern Western Australia, northern, central, and southern NSW, small areas of northern Queensland, and northern Victoria. 66% of the cotton is grown in NSW and the rest 33% is grown in Queensland. Most of the cotton farms in Australia are owned by families. On average, 500 million people are clothed by the cotton produced in Australia. It mainly exports cotton to Bangladesh, Thailand, and India. In 2021, the country earned 1.42 billion dollars from cotton exports.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Australia

Here is a list of famous cotton textile companies in Australia:

• SofiTex Trade Co., Ltd
• DEFAB WEAVERS PTY.LTD
• Hefeng Textile Co. Ltd
• M&S Textiles Australia
• Greatorex Textile Industries
• Bruck Textiles
• Simba Textile Mills
• Australian Textile Mills
• Digital Fabrics
• Kennard & Kennard

Benin

It is the fourth largest cotton producer in Africa with approximately 80% of the export earnings and 40% of the GDP, it is considered a major cash crop. Most of the cotton production occurs in the South-Central and Northern regions of the country. The majority of the farmers own two hectares of farmland for growing cotton. The farmers of Benin prefer to use natural fertilizers instead of pesticides. 30% of the workforce of the textile industry is in the cotton department. In 2021, Benin produced 728,000 tons of raw cotton, breaking all previous records for cotton production. The cotton textile industry plays an important role in the country’s exports and income.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Benin

Some cotton textile companies in Benin are:

• Jozadak Int’l. Corp.
• SIGMA COMMERCIAL LTD
• STE TAYLOROSE IMPEX LTD
• Mark-vision International
• Ste Interfund

Greece

Greece is the second largest cotton producer in Europe and 10^th largest in the world. With 45,000 farmers and 270,000 hectares of land, cotton is produced on 10% of the total agricultural land in Greece. The main focus of cotton farmers in Greece is to manage water and pesticides. Greece cotton is recognized for its high quality with long length and great strength. The major cotton-producing sites in Greece are Thrace, Thessaly, Mainland Greece, and Macedonia. Depending on the variety and weather conditions, the life cycle of the cotton crop is 170 to 210 days, and is planted from March to April.

List of Cotton Textile Companies in Greece

The major cotton textile companies in Greece include:

• Stavrinos Bros S.A.
• Davaris Textiles S.A.
• Fibralco S.A.
• Selected Textiles S.A.
• Joseph Taraboulous Textiles
• Varvaressos S.A.

Largest Cotton Producing Countries and Their Exports and Imports

According to the Observatory of Economic Complexity, the top ten cotton-producing countries with their exports and imports as of 2021 are mentioned below.

Other Countries of the World Producing Cotton

Apart from these ten countries, there are several countries in the world with textile industries that produce huge amounts of cotton, these countries are mentioned here along with their cotton production.

Conclusion

Textile industries are incomplete without cotton, it is a white fibrous product obtained from plants that are used in making clothes, paper, and some food products. The textile industry contributes a great deal to the economic conditions of any country. Almost every country now produces cotton and has several cotton textile industries. However, the top ten countries with the largest cotton textile industries include China, India, the United States, Brazil, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Australia, Benin, and Greece.

Lisa C. Townes

Lisa is a passionate travelers. She spends 3 months every year visiting different places worldwide. She has visited almost every famous place in the world. She herself is an affiliate blogger

Today rice crop is being cultivated in 115 countries of the world. China ranks first in Rice Producing among all production countries with about 30% of global rice production. The continent of Asia produces more than 90% of the world, and it is a significant crop in more than 50 countries. About 96% of production is consumed in countries they grow.

Rice is usually considered a tropical crop. However, it is grown throughout the temperate zones, from latitude 50°N in China to 35°S in South America. Rice yields are generally higher in temperate than in the tropics. The world’s total area was 156.95 million hectares, while total production was 651.74 million metric tons.

The continent of Asia ranks first in production in the world and 29 countries grow. In the continent of Africa, 39 countries cultivate and it ranks second in rice production. In the Western hemisphere, the continent of South America ranks third in rice production. In the world, two major species: Asian rice and African rice are grown. About 50,000 varieties exist within these two species and only a few hundred of them are cultivated.

Rice History

Rice is the primary food for half of the people in the world and tropical and monsoon regions. Cultivation originated as early as 10,000 B.C. in Asia. As early as 4000 B.C., it was grown in Thailand, and over the countries spread to China, Japan, and Indonesia.

Later its cultivation moved to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. It was cultivated in the Euphrates Valley in 400 B.C. and Mediterranean countries around 330 B.C. Its cultivation in the American Colonies began in 1685, at the commercial level.

Uses of Rice | Importance of Rice

Rice is a nutritious food, providing about 90% of calories from carbohydrates and as much as 13% of calories from protein. It is used for a variety of food and non-food products. Food includes cooked rice, breakfast cereals, desserts, and rice flour.

Also used in beer. Its hull is used as fuel, fertilizer, and insulation, while the bran is a source of cooking oil. Straw from the leaves and stems is used as bedding for animals and weaving roofs, hats, baskets, and sandals. Rice bran is used in livestock and poultry feed. Rice straw makes a good rough feed for cattle and is used for fuel and mulch and papermaking. Rice starch is the basis for most face powders.

Types of Rice

Asia is considered the homeland for the maximum varieties of this staple food. It has more varieties than other cultivators around the globe and the ten most famous and most liked types of rice in the world are as under:

Basmati Rice

The grains of this type of rice are long and they appear dry and separate after cooking. It has a nutty aroma. Basmati is most popular in Asian and Indian cuisines. It is used in dal, pilafs, curry, and saffron rice.

Jasmine Rice

Jasmine rice is mainly cultivated in Thailand and is used in Thai and Asian dishes including curries and stir fry dishes. It has a floral and nutty aroma with a soft and moist texture after cooking.

Arborio Rice

The grain size of this type is medium and has a white dot in the center. Arborio rice is named after a town in Italy. It has high starch content and once cooked it has a sticky consistency and creamy texture. It is used to make soups, risotto, and rice puddings.

Black Rice

As the name suggests, this type of rice is black due to the presence of an antioxidant, anthocyanins that is also found in blackberries and blueberries. The other name for this type is ‘’forbidden rice.’’ They have a mild nutty flavor and are commonly used in Chinese cuisines.

Bomba Rice

This type of rice has short grains and is cultivated in Valencia, Spain. While cooking, it requires comparatively more water to absorb than other types of rice. It is used in Mediterranean dishes and Paella.

Brown Rice

Brown rice has its bran and germ layers intact which give it a brown appearance. It is firmer and contains more vitamins and fibers than white rice. They are used to make casseroles, rice puddings, and stuffing. They are used as an alternative to white rice as they have high nutritional value than white rice.

Long Grain White Rice

It is commonly used in traditional American dishes but is also a part of Asian and Mexican cuisines. This type has low nutrition as compared to brown or white rice. An example of this type of rice is Carolina Gold rice which originated in Africa but is now widely cultivated in the United States.

Parboiled Rice

This kind of rice is partially boiled in its inedible state. This improves their texture and shortens the cooking time. This is a type of cooking method for rice that saves the original vitamin and mineral content.

Sticky Rice

This type of rice has long grains and is cultivated in Southeast Asia and is used in a variety of sweet Asian recipes. It is also known as glutinous rice or sweet rice and it possesses low amylose starch content which makes sit sticky upon cooking. It is used in making dumplings, rice balls, and desserts.

Sushi Rice

It is a combination of short-grain white rice or brown rice with vinegar, salt, and sugar. It has a very sticky texture which makes it ideal to make sushi. This sticky nature helps to roll sushi.

Names of Rice in the World

Although, there are thousands of varieties of rice, can broadly be classified as:

Plain or Paddy Rice

Paddy rice is grown in densely populated lands and required a large quantity of water. Paddy rice fed by rainfall alone accounts for about 50% of grown worldwide. Though irrigation and rainfall fulfill the water requirements of the rice crop and provide about 35% of rice produced.

Plateau or Mountainous Rice

Plateau or Mountainous rice is grown at high altitudes and hill shapes in heavy rainfall regions. It is less productive than paddy rice because paddy waters are the storehouse of nutrients. Upland rice accounts for about 15% of rice production in the world.

Top 10 Rice-Producing Countries in World

The following table contains the list of the top 10 rice-producing countries in the years 2022-2023 along with their quantities produced, used, and exported.

China Rice Production

China outranks all nations of the world in rice production. Different types of rice In China are growing in the regions located between 23° to 33° North Latitudes, occupying Southern and southeastern provinces. The heaviest acreage and production are obtained in the lower valleys of the Yangtze and Si-Kiang rivers. China is projected to produce 147 million tons of rice in 2022-2023, which is about 30 percent of the world’s total rice production. They have to import an additional 5 million tons for their massive population of about 1.41 billion people.

Chinese Rice Farms

The Szechwan province, the floodplain of the Yangtze River basin, in the southwest Yunnan and Kweichow provinces, Fukien, Kwantung, Kwangsi provinces, provinces of Hunan, Kiangsi, and Chekiang are the main rice-farming regions in China.

India

Rice is an important crop in India. Almost every state in India grows rice. It constitutes about 23% of the total cropped area. The greatest concentrations of cultivation are in the floodplains, deltas, and coastal districts. India is the second largest populated country with 1.39 billion people. It is expected to produce 124 million tons of rice in 2022-2023 while it consumes 109 million tons and exports 19.5 million tons.

Indian Rice Production States

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world, the important rice-growing states of India are West Bengal, Tamal Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Assam.

Indonesia

Indonesia is the third largest producer of rice in the world. The humid and hot climate, rich volcanic soils, and intensive farming and growing seasons of rice made Indonesia the largest producer. Two crops of Indonesian rice varieties are grown in one year taking advantage of both southwest and northeast monsoon. Indonesia is expected to harvest 34.6 million tons of rice in 2022-23 and is expected to import 550,000 tons to fulfill the needs of 276.4 million people.

Rice Producing States in Indonesia

The following are the main rice-producing states in Indonesia:

• South Sumatra
• West Java
• Central Java
• East Java
• South Sulawesi

Vietnam

Fertile alluvial soils of river basins and hot humid maritime climate and a surplus labor force have created an excellent atmosphere for rice cultivation. Vietnam is the 4th largest producer of rice in the world. The Red River Delta in the North East and Mekong Valley in southern Vietnam is home to rice farming. It’s a 7.3-million-hectare area, while its production was 35.6 million metric tons. It is known to produce wet rice as it is grown in flooded areas. Vietnam is projected to produce 27.23 million tons of rice in 2022-2023. The 98.2 million population consumes 21.5 million tons and the rest 7.2 million tons is exported.

Thailand

Thailand is another important rice producer in the southeastern monsoon region. It ranks 6th in rice production in the world for various types of rice grown in Thailand. The maritime monsoon climate, fertile soils of the Menam basin, abundant labor, and domestic demand, has forced Thailand to produce bulk amounts. Thailand produced 27.8 million from 10.4 million hectares of land. according to stats, Thailand is projected to produce 20.10 million tons of rice in 2022-2023. The country’s 70 million population is expected to consume 12.9 million tons of rice.

Rice Producing States in Thailand

Although rice is produced in more than 58 provinces of Thailand major commercial rice-producing areas are the Khorat Plateau and Chao Phraya basin.

Myanmar (Burma)

Myanmar produces a surplus and exports sizeable amounts of rice. The Monsoon climate of Myanmar is most suitable for rice cultivation. Myanmar is the 6th largest producer of rice in the world. According to the expected stats for the years 2022-2023, Myanmar is projected to harvest 12.5 million tons while 10.3 million tons is to be consumed domestically and 2.4 million tons is to be exported.

Rice Producing Areas in Myanmar

Arakan coastal region, Tenasserim region, and the river Irrawaddy delta provide fertile clayey soils that are suitable for rice production. Primarily rice is produced in Bago, Yangon, and Ayeyarwady delta regions. These regions account for 17.72%, 10.07%, and 33.59% of the total harvestable area respectively.

Philippines

Rice is a staple food crop of the Philippines, about half of the cultivated area is devoted to crops, which is more than 4.3 million hectares. More than 80% crop is paddy rice, and only about 20% is upland rice. In the Philippines, nearly all crops are grown on the western side of the mountain of Luzon and the Central Plain region. Recently, rice production in the Philippines was 16.0 million metric tons. It is expected that the Philippines will produce 12.41 million tons of rice in 2022-2023. Maritime, monsoon climate, and fertile soils have created an ideal environment for the intensive crop, and the 7th largest rice producer in the world.

Rice Producing Areas in the Philippines

Rice is mainly grown in four regions of the Philippines, these are:

• Luzon
• Western Visayas
• Southern Mindanao
• Central Mindanao

Japan

It is the staple food crop of the Japanese. Rice occupies 50% of the tilled land in Japan, which is about 1.7 million hectares. Rice is grown in coastal lowlands and hilly slopes. In the years 2022-2023, the total production of rice in Japan is expected to be around 7.45 million tons. While its consumption is 8.2 million tons, its export is 120,000 tons, and is known to import 690,000 tons of rice to feed 126 million people.

Rice Producing Areas in Japan

Kyushu and Shikoku in Western Japan are the ideal places for growing rice. Due to mechanization and agronomic skills, its per-hectare yield is quite high.

Brazil

Brazil outranks all other countries outside the monsoon Asia in rice hectare age. Brazil ranking the 9th largest rice producer in the world produces about 3% output of the world. Most of the Brazilian rice crop is grown in the southeastern region, where climatic and pedologic conditions are ideal for rice production in Brazil. The total for cultivation is 2.9 million hectares and production is 11.0 million metric tons. In the year 2022-23, rice production in Brazil is expected to be 7.3 million tons while consumption is 7.25 million tons and the rest 900,000 tons are exported.

Rice Producing States in Brazil

Rainfed or upland rice is grown in Brazil at lower than 20 degrees south in the following states:

• Mato Grosso
• Tocantins
• Rondônia
• Goiás
• Maranhão
• Pará

Pakistan

Pakistan is ranked in the 10^th position for the largest producer of rice in the world. They contribute a 2% share of global rice production. It is considered to be the second staple food of the country and occupies a 2.5-million-hectare area for cultivation. Rice plays an important role in the economy of the country as the exports are expected to be around 4 million tons in the year 2022-2023. It is projected to produce 6.6 million tons while the consumption is to be 3.7 million tons.

Rice Producing Areas in Pakistan

The fertile lands of Sindh, Balochistan, and Punjab produce the major quantities of rice in Pakistan. Rice cultivation is the major source of employment for farmers in these areas. Basmati type of rice is widely grown and consumed in Pakistan.

Other Important Countries Producing Rice

The following table contains some other important countries producing rice along with the quantities of rice they produce:

Physical & Economic Factors Affecting Rice Farming

Physical Factors

The following Physical conditions are necessary:

Climate

Climate is the major factor, which specifies growth. Therefore, a specific amount of rainfall and temperature is required. These are two Major factors of climate.

Temperature

It requires high temperatures during the growing season of rice from 4 to 6 months. The temperature should be more than 26°C and in no way less than 21°C even for the quick maturing varieties.

Rice is a tropical crop, which thrives under high temperatures, between 21°C to 38°C, while the average temperature of 21°C is best suitable for its vegetative growth.

Rainfall / Water

Rice is known as a plant of water and humid climate. Average rainfall of at least 45 inches tall irrigation is required during vegetative growth of about 90 days. The crop does best under high rainfall and high humidity. In areas of moderate rainfall, 20 to 40 inches of irrigation becomes necessary.

Soil

Rice can be grown successfully on soils ranging from silt loam to clays. Alluvial soil is the most suitable soil for the growth of rice. Heavy clayey subsoil with water-retaining capacity gives the best results.

Land

The flooding of fields requires level land and therefore river valleys, deltas, and coasted plains are suitable areas. The river plain and delta regions with fertile silt at the top arid and clay bed are recognized as the best fields.

Economic Factors

Along with suitable physical conditions, high yields can only be obtained with the help of proper inputs and adopting the best Economic methods.

Soil Preparbation

The Clay loam soils with fine textures are most suitable for rice plants. Therefore, river basins and deltas are best suited for cultivation. Rice plant needs a smooth surface with a gentle slop. The soil must be well prepared and converted into fine soil particles.

Skill and Cheap Labor

Skilled and cheap labor is a Major part of crop cultivation and its plays a vital role in yield production through this source, production can be increased.

Seed Quality and Planting Time

In different planting methods, a different number of seeds is required. In most Asian countries, rice growing is started in the nursery and after 30 to 40 days of germination, transplanted in a paddy. In this method, 4 to 5 kg seed for Basmati and 8 to 10 kg for Irri is required.

Method of Plantation & Processing

In this method, when the nursery and fields are ready, Puddy fields are flooded with water and plowed by tractors or bullocks, and the water and soil mixture is prepared and known as Kaddo.

Then nursery is transplanted into rows 8 to 10 inches apart. In this method, about 2 lakh plants are transplanted in one acre. The number of plants is the key indicator to achieving the maximum yield.

Selection of Seeds Varieties

The seed plays a vital role in the production of rice. On the other hand, the selection of high-yielding variety, resistance to pests and diseases, and a locality are one of the ways of increasing yield and production.

Fertilizers Use

Rice needs fertile nutrient-rich soils. Therefore, for high and quality yields of rice balanced and in time use of fertilizers increase the yield by more than 20% now, the use of fertilizers has become very important for increasing the production of Rice.

Safety of Crops

Being a tropical crop, many pests, weeds, diseases, and insects can hit the rice crops, which causes more than 25% loss of crop, which lowers the yield. Therefore, through good management and the use of herbicides, weeds must be eradicated.

Harvesting

Harvesting rice when the moisture content is about 18 to 22 percent is necessary for quality control. Now, most of the rice crop is harvested and thrashed at the same time by combined harvesters or hand methods.

Conclusion

Rice is a staple food in many countries and is grown all over the world. It is used in a variety of cuisines and is also used in fertilizer, livestock feed, poultry feed, paper making, etc. There are many different types of rice including Basmati rice, Jasmine rice, Sticky rice, Brown rice, and Black rice. Asia is the largest producer of this crop however it is produced in many other countries. The top ten rice-producing countries in the world include China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Japan, Brazil, and Pakistan. A large portion of rice is consumed each year by the people of these countries and the rest is exported throughout the world.

Lisa C. Townes

Lisa is a passionate travelers. She spends 3 months every year visiting different places worldwide. She has visited almost every famous place in the world. She herself is an affiliate blogger