Ayesha Saeed

PPSC MCQs: Pakistani Education Policies MCQs

Last Updated on March 8, 2022 By Ayesha Saeed

Q. 1

The Muslims of India demanded for a separate homeland because:

(a) They were an independent nation
(b) They were in majority in India
(c) The British wanted to enslave them
(d) They wished to safeguard their ideology

Q. 2

The military training for students became compulsory in the education policy of:

(a) 1947
(b) 1979
(a) 1972
(c) 1959

Q. 3

The duration of B.A degree program was increased from two years to three years in Education policy of:

(a) 1947
(b) 1979
(c) 1970
(d) 1959

Q. 4

The private institutions of education was nationalized in the education policy of:

(a) 1947
(b) 1970
(c) 1972
(d) 1992

Q. 5

In education policy 1972:

(a) Islamic studies and Pakistan studies were declared compulsory:
(b) Computer education was declared compulsory
(c) The private institutions of education were nationalized
(d) Workshop school were opened

Q. 6

National education policy, 1970 could be implemented because of the:

(a) Lack of students
(b) Opposition of the mass
(c) Non-cooperation of the educational institutions
(d) Change of government

Q. 7

The graduate of Islamic Madrassa got services under the education policy of:

(a) 1979
(b) 1959
(c) 1970
(d) 1972

Q. 8

The instructions of Islamic studies and Pakistan studies was made compulsory in:

(a) 1978
(b)1970
(c) 1959
(d) 1992

Q. 9

Permission for establishing private educational institution was granted in the educational policy of:

(a) 1992
(b)1978
(c) 1959
(d) 1970

Q. 10

Computer education in school was first introduced in the education policy of:

(a) 1998
(b) 19921
(c) 1959
(d) 1972

Q. 11

National education policy, 1970 formulated in the era of:

(a) Nawaz Sharif
(b) Z.A Bhutto
(c) General Yahya Khan
(d) General Zia-ul-Haq

Q. 12

Which of the following the foremost aim of Educational conference 1947:

(a) Attention towards adult education
(b)Preparation for changing needs
(c) Development of the emotions of sacrifice and services
(d) Modification of education system in line with the culture

Q. 13

Which of the following was the goal of the establishment of Textbook Board:

(a) Preparation of examination
(b) Distribution of degree
(c) Preparation of text books
(d) Preparation of helping books

Q. 14

Which of the following subjects are recommended to instruct at inter and degree levels in the education policy of 1970:

(a) Technical education
(b) Agriculture education
(c) Educology
(c) Physical education

Q. 15

by mans of the educative process:

(a) Ideology of Pakistan can be promoted
(b) Aims of establishment of Pakistan can be imparted
(c) National solidarity can be developed
(d) All of the above

Q. 16

Which of the following was the motive of Pakistan;

(a) Islamic ideology
(b) Separate territory
(c) Safeguard of economic interests
(d) Removal of Hindus supremacy

Q. 17

According to Iqbal, which of the following is the of the Muslim nation:

(a) Homeland
(b) Language
(c)Religion
(d) Race

Q. 18

Who said if Islam wishes to alive as a civilization force, it will have to establish rule on a specific region?

(a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(b) Sir SyedAhmad khan
(c) Muhammad Ali johar
(d) Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Q. 19

Through education which of the following character traits can be produced in the nation:

(a) Unity
(b) Brotherhood
(c) Passion for freedom
(d) All of the above

Q. 20

Which of the following is the general aim of Pakistan’s system of education:

(a) Turning the students into civilized citizen
(b) Promotion of democracy
(c) Provision of trained manpower
(d) All of these

Q. 21

which of the following was in the aim of national education policy 1998:

(a) Population of elementary education
(b) Adaption of curriculum in the light of Quran and hadith
(c) Improving the condition of professional education
(d) All of these

Q. 22

Before the emergence of Pakistan, the subcontinent was under the rule of the:

(a) British government
(b) French government
(c) Spanish government
(d) Brazilian government

Q. 23

Which of the following was produced on the educated Muslims through the British education system in India:

(a) Inferiority complex
(b) Slave mentality
(c) Hatred towards Islamic culture
(d) All of the above

Q 24

Educational conference was held in Karachi on:

(a) 27, November 1947
(b) 28, November 1947
(c) 29, November 1947
(d) 30, November 1947

Q. 25

In message for educational conference, Quaid-e-Azam said:

(a) We should change our education system in line with the changing condition
(b) We should watch the educational development of the world
(c) We should pay attention to the scientific knowledge with theoretical knowledge
(d) All of these

Q. 26

Who was the minister of education at the time of educational conference?

(a) Fatima Jinnah
(b) Abdur Rub Nishtar
(c) Fazal-ul-Rehman
(d) I.I Chundigarh

Q. 27

In hais presidential address, Fazal-yr-Rehman said, he pays most importance to the:

(a) Material element education
(b) Spiritual element education
(c) Professional element in education
(d) Scientific element in education

Q. 28

In educational conference 1947, the Minister for education said in his presedential address:

(a) The citizen should know the social rights and duties
(b) Biases are fatal for Pakistan
(c) We should be proud of being Pakistani
(d) All of the above

Q. 29

The participants of educational conference 1947 was divided into:

(a) Eight sub-committees
(b) Nine sub-committees
(c) Ten sub-committees
(d) Ten sub-committees

Q. 30

It was suggested in the educational conference 1947, the foundation of education will be:

(a) Ideology of Pakistan
(b) Mass development
(c) Individual development
(d) Universal needs

Q. 31

Which of the following was proposed in education conference 1947:

(a) Fundamental teaching of Islam is mandatory
(b) Religious education should be conducted in school
(c) Minorities should be educated according to their own ideologies
(d) All of these

Q. 32

which of the following was proposed in the education conference 1947:

(a) Elementary education will consist of five years
(b) Elementary education will consist of six years
(c) Elementary education will consist of five years but gradually extended to eight years
(d) Elementary education will be consist of six years but gradually will be extended to eight years

Q. 33

which of the following was proposed in the education conference 1947:

(a) Pakistan is democratic country
(b) Awareness of social duties is the foundation of democracy
(c) National language should be the medium of instruction at high level
(d) All of these

Q. 34

In education conference 1947, it was proposed that the provincial languages could be the medium of instruction at:

(a) Primary level
(b) Middle level
(c) Secondary level
(d) Higher secondary level

Q. 35

Which of the following was propose in education conference, 1947:

(a) Instruction of English will continues as a necessary evil
(b) English should be gradually terminated as medium of instruction
(c) Higher education should be imparted in the national language
(d) All of the above

Q. 36

Which of the following was proposed in education conference, 1947:

(a) More school should be opened for girls
(b) There should be co-education in elementary school
(c) Women teacher should be trained
(d) All of these

Q. 37

Which of the following was decide in education conference:

(a) Education system will be based in individual ends
(b)Education system will be based in Islamic ideology
(c) Education system will be based in global needs
(d) Education system will be based on social needs

Q. 38

Proposal for the establishment of University Grants commission was presented in the:

(a) Education conference 1947
(b) National education commission 1959
(c) Nation education policy 1970
(d) National education policy 1972

Q. 39

The first constitution of Pakistan introduced in:

(a) 1955
(b) 1956
(c) 1957
(d) 1958

Q. 40

President Muhammad commission was headed by:

(a) Minister of education
(b) Secretary of education
(c) Government of Punjab
(d) None of these

Q. 41

Which of the following was decided in the education commission headed by the:

(a) Appointment of education counselor in secondary school
(b) Appointment of education counselor in technical institutions
(c) Appointment of education
(d) None of these

Q. 42

It was proposed in education commission, 1958 that the internal examination should be conducted for:

(a) 20% marks
(b) 25% marks
(c) 30% marks
(d) 35% marks

Q. 43

It was proposed in national education commission that the URDU language should be instructed as a compulsory subject from class:

(a) Three to Twelve
(b) Four to Twelve
(c) Five to Twelve
(d) Six to Twelve

Q. 44

Which of the following was proposed in national education commission 1958:

(a) Establishment of text book board
(b) Helping book should be banned
(c) Technical faults of Urdu should be mended
(d) All of the above

Q. 45

The committee formulated for the development of educational proposal headed by Air Martial Noor Khan came into contact, no large scale, with the:

(a) Students
(b) Teacher
(c) Political representatives
(d) All of the above

Q. 46

It was started in the new education policy 19702 that the elementary education would be declared mandatory till:

(a) 1975
(b) 1976
(c0 1977
(d) 1980

Q. 47

Statement regarding the formulation of education crop was introduced in which of the following education policies:

(a) Education conference 1947
(b) National education commission 1959
(c) New education policy 1970
(d) National education policy 1972

Q. 48

It was stated in the new education policy 1970 that the elementary education should be considered from class:

On to Five
One to six
One to seven
One to eight

Q. 49

Which of the following was proposed in new education policy 1970:

(a) A science college will be setup in each district
(b) A science school will be setup in each tehsil
(c) The mill owners will arrange the
(d) All of the above

Q. 50

It was proposed in new education policy that education as an elective subjective should be instructed at which of the following levels of education:

(a) Matriculation
(b) Intermediate
(c) Degree
(d) Both B&C

Q. 51

It was stated in new education policy 1970 that:

(a) Urdu should be the official language
(b) Textbooks should be prepared in Urdu
(c) Students unions should be formed
(d) All of the above

Q. 52

following the separation of East Pakistan in December 1971 which of the following political parties became the ruling party in west Pakistan:

Muslim league
People’s party
Jammat-e-Islami
None of these

Q. 53

it was stated in national educational policy 1972 that majority of the students get admission in:

(a) Science
(b) Arts
(c) Commerce
(d) Technical

Q. 54

It was decieded in national education policy 1972 that the professional subject would be introduced in the college by:

(a) 1978
(b) 1979
(c) 1980
(d) 1981

Q. 55

It was proposed in the education policy 1971 that the proportion of enrollment in secince courses would be:

(a) 25%
(b) 30%
(c) 35%
(d) 40%

Q. 56

Which of the following was proposed in the education policy 19721:

(a) An open university would be established
(b) National book foundation would be established
(c) Muhallah School would be established
(d) Bothe A&B

Q. 57

It was decieded in the national education policy 1972, that the students would be promoted to the next classes till class;

(a) Five
(b) Six
(c) Seven
(d) Eight

Q. 58

Which of the following were nationalized education policy:

(a) Colleges
(b) Schools
(c) Colleges and schools
(d) Universities

Q. 59

In the national education polivy 1972, military training became mandatory for:

(a) Boys
(b) Girls
(c) Both A&B
(d) None of these

Q. 60

Which of the following was proposed in the national education policy 1972:

(a) Equal opportunities of education
(b) Establishment of new universities
(c) Concession in fares
(d) All of the above

Q. 61

The former president Zia took the charge of Government in:

(a) 1976
(b) 1977
(c) 1978
(d) 1979

Q. 62

It was stated in national education policy 1978 that:

(a) 50% of the total children are enrolled
(b) 51 of the total children are enrolled
(c) 52 of the total children are enrolled
(d) 53 of the total children are enrolled

Q. 63

How many new primary schools were proposed to open in the national education policy 1978:

(a) 11,000
(b) 12,000
(c) 13,000
(d) 14,000

Q. 64

It was proposed in national education policy 1978 that all boys of educable are would be enrolled in school by:

(a) 1987
(b) 1988
(c) 1989
(d) 1990

Q. 65

It was proposed in national education policy 1978 that:

(a) Four thousands Masjid school would be opened
(b) Five thousands Masjid school would be opened
(c) Six thousands Masjid school would be opened
(d) Seven thousands Masjid school would be opened

Q. 66

Which of the following was stated in the national education policy 1978:

(a) There is no training infrastructure for illiterate individuals
(b) One thousands village school would be opened
(c) Trained staff would be appointed in workshop school
(d) All of these

Q. 67

It was stated in nation education policy 1978 that:

(a) 3% of the population consists of special and handicapped children
(b) 4% of the population consists of special and handicapped children
(c) 5% of the population consists of special and handicapped children
(d) 6% of the population consists of special and handicapped children

Q. 68

Which of the following was decided in national education [policy 1978:

(a) Government would prepare plans for handicapped individuals
(b) Government would train the handicapped individuals
(c) Government would support the organization for walfare of the handicapped individuals
(d) All of these

Q. 69

Which of the following was proposed in the national education policy, 1978:

(a) The madras system has been setup for Islamic teaching
(b) Government has not given attention towards Mdrasa
(c) Affiliation of Madrasa with the education Boards would be reviewed
(d) All of these

Q. 70

Which of the following was proposed in nation education policy, 1978:

(a) The graduates of madras would be eligible for government services
(b) Madras would be nationalized
(c) Computer curriculum would be introduced in madrasa
(d) Madrsa curriculum would be reformed

Q. 71

Which of the following was proposed in nation education policy, 1978:

(a) Instruction of Islamic studies would compulsory
(b) Instruction of Pakistan studies would be compulsory
(c) Instruction of Islamic and Pakistan studies would be compulsory
(d) Instruction of Ethics would be compulsory

Q. 72

Which of the following was decided in national education policy 1978”

(a) Provision for the establishment of private educational institutions
(b) Plans for the training of handicapped people by the federal Government
(c) Compulsory instruction of Islamic and Pakistan studies in professional colleges
(d) All of the above

Q. 73

It was suggested in national education policy 1978 that, as uniform:

(a) Boys will put on militia color dress
(b) Girls will put on light blue and white trousers
(c) The matter of dopatta color would be left of the institution
(d) All of the above

Q. 74

It was decided in national education policy that Urdu as an official language, would be introduced in:

10 years
11 years
12 years
15 years

Q. 75

For the enforcement of national education policy 1978:

(a) Second five-years plan were developed
(b) Third-year plans were developed
(c) Forth0five year plans were developed
(d) Fifth five year plan were developed

Q. 76

who approaved the national education policy 1992?

(a) Syed Fakhar Imam
(b) Syed Ghous Ali Shah
(c) Muhammad Ali Khan Hoti
(d) None of these

Q. 77

It was stateed in national education policy 1992 that literacy rate would be increased up to:

(a) 70% by 2002
(b) 75% by 2002
(c) 801% by 2002
(d) 85% by 2002

Q. 78

It was proposed in national education policy 1992 that:

(a) Six thousand new Masjid school would be opened
(b) Seven thousand new Masjid school would be opened
(c) Eight thousand new Masjid school would be opened
(d) Nine thousand new Masjid school would be opened

Q. 79

Which of the following was proposed in national education policy 1992:

(a) Fulfillment of national needs through students
(b) Introduction of computer education at school level
(c) 100% enrollment ratio at primary level
(d) All of these

Q. 80

It was proposed in national education policy 1992 that:

(a) 30 new polytechnic institutes would be opened
(b) 32 new polytechnic institutes would be opened
(c) 33 new polytechnic institutes would be opened
(d) 34 new polytechnic institutes would be opened

Q. 81

It was proposed in national education policy 1992 that the number of secondary schools would be increased from 19000 to:

(a) 48487
(b) 19487
(c) 50487
(d) 51487

Q. 82

It was proposed in national education policy 1992 that the number of colleges would be increased from 535 to:

(a) 835
(b) 935
(c) 1035
(d) 1135

Q. 83

It was proposed in national education policy 1992 that out of 20 newly proposed universities:

(a) 15 universities would be established in the private sector
(b) 16 universities would be established in the private sector
(c) 17 universities would be established in the private sector
(d) 18 universities would be established in the private sector

Q. 84

Which of the following was proposed in national education policy 1992:

(a) Examination system would be made free from corruption
(b) Examination system would be computerized
(c) Examination system would be made capable of competing the standard of developed countries
(d) All of these

Q. 85

Which of the following five year plan was developed for the implementation of national education policy 1992:

(a) Six-five years plan
(b) Eight-five year plan
(c) Seventh-five year plan
(d) None of these

Q. 86

which of the following was decided to remove the disparity between the urban and rural areas, in national education policy 1992:

(a) All children between age 5-8 be enrolled in school
(b) All children between age 5-9 be enrolled in school
(c) All children between age 5-10 be enrolled in school
(d) All children between age 5-11 be enrolled in school

Q. 87

Which of the following was decided in national education policy 1992:

(a) Teacher would be awarded on excellent performance
(b) Second shift would be introduced in school
(c) NGOs would be promoted
(d) All of these

Q. 88

Who announced national education policy, 1998:

(a) Syed Ghous Ali Shah
(b) Syed Fakhar Imam
(c) Mr. Faza-ur-Rehamn
(d) Sardar Abdur Rub Nishter

Q. 89

Which of the following was decided regarding the teaching of Quran in national education policy 1992;

(a) It would be made compulsory till secondary level
(b) It will be made compulsory till degree level
(c) It would be made compulsory till higher level of education
(d) It would be made compulsory for all level

Q. 90

It was proposed in national education policy 1992 that the Islamic teacher training programs would be also introduced in:

(a) Madrasa would be modernized on school patterns
(b) The degree of Mdrasa would be given official acceptance
(c) A code of conduct would be introduced for the teachers
(d) All of the above

Q. 91

It was proposed in national education policy 1998 that the enrollment ratio till 2002 would be increased up to:

(a) 80%
(b ) 85%
(c) 90%
(d) 95%

Q. 92

It was decided in national education policy that for elementary education:

(a) 35000 new schools would be opened
(b )40000 new schools would be opened
(c) 45000 new schools would be opened
(d) 50000 new schools would be opened

Q. 93

It was decided in the national education policy 1990 that, for the promotion of literacy rate:

(a) 80000 new information schools would be opened
(b) 81000 new information schools would be opened
(c) 82000 new information schools would be opened
(d) 83000 new information schools would be opened

Q. 94

It was proposed in national education policy 1998 that opportunities for higher education would be provided to least……….of the youth aged between 17-23 years:

(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(c) 15%
(d) 20%

Q. 95

Which of the following was proposed in national education policy 1998:

(a) Opportunities for higher education would be increased
(b) Facilities would be provided to universities for opening of new campuses
(c) International standard would be maintained at graduation level
(d) All of these

Q. 96

Which of the following was introduced in national education policy:

(a) Merit would be observed for admission
(b) Well-reputed college would be allowed to award degrees
(c) University teachers would be given extra salaries
(d) All of these

Q. 97

It was decided in national education policy 19998 that education budget would be increased up to:

(a) 4% of the BOP
(b) 4.5% GOP
(c) 5% GDP
(d) None of the above

Q. 98

Which of the following types of investment is necessary for acquisition of the objectives of national education policy:

(a) Shorty term investments
(b) Long-term investments
(c) Midterm investment
(d) Not type of investment is needs

Q. 99

Ata-ur-Rehman was the former chairman of:

(a) Higher education commission
(b) Islamabad Intermediate board
(c) Lahore Intermediate Board
(d) None of these

Q. 100

In all the educational policies of Pakistan the foundation of the objectives of education is:

(a) Islamic ideology
(b) Economic development
(c) Social stability
(d) Promotion of science and technology

Q. 101

National bank foundation was established under the education policy:

(a) 1972
(b) 1959
(c) 1947
(d) 1970

Q. 102

Which of the following was decided in national education policy 1972

(a) Free of charge education till matriculation
(b) Fee would be waived till eight class from October 1947
(c) Fee would be waived till tenth from October 1974
(d) All of the above

Q. 103

It was proposed in the education policy that the proportion of enrollment in the professional courses would be:

(a) 40%
(b) 45%
(c) 50%
(d) 55%

Q. 104

It was suggested in national education policy 1992 that:

(a) 7 new college of technology would be opened
(b) 8 new college of technology would be opened
(c) 9 new college of technology would be opened
(d) 10 new college of technology would be opened

Ayesha Saeed

A happy mom, professional article writer, SEO practitioner, blogger, guest blogger & freelancer. She’s in digital marketing since 2018. She loves reading books and spend time with her family. Reach her on Email

PPSC MCQs: Curriculum Development

Last Updated on June 15, 2021 By Ayesha Saeed

Q.1

The word ‘’curriculum’’ is derived from:

(a) Greek
(b) Persian
(c) Arabic
(d) Latin

Q. 2

A course of study is called:

(a) Content
(b) syllabus
(c) curriculum
(d) Knowledge

Q.3

in the existentialist classroom, the curriculum is:

(a) focused on the subject matter
(b) chosen by the student for self directed learning
(c) constructed by students during cooperative learning activities
(d) None

Q.4

Tyler’s curriculum model was given in:

(a) 1947
(b) 1948
(c) 1949
(d) 1950

Q.5

Taba’s model of curriculum came in:

(a) 1962
(b) 1963
(c) 1964
(d) 1965

Q. 6

A curriculum design is a:

(a) Frame work
(b) A set of students example
(c) A plan of action
(d) All of these

Q.7

Curriculum activities are:

(a) Vital part of educational planning
(b) useless for proper learning
(c) Aimed at spoiling a child
(D) none of these

Q.8

curriculum is composed of all experiences children have under the guidance of teachers is a:

(a) Philosophical concept
(b) Modern concept
(c) Old Concept
(d) Religious concept

Q. 9 At authoritarian level of teaching is:

(a) Teacher centered
(b) Child centered
(c) Headmaster centered
(d) Experience based

Q.10

Seven liberal arts are called:

(a) Content curriculum
(b) cultural curriculum
(c) classical curriculum
(d) None of these

Q.11

Trivium subjects included:

(a) Grammar, logic, pronunciation
(b) Logic, grammar, algebra
(c) Pronunciation, music, history
(d) None of these

Q.12

The father of activity based curriculum is:

(a) J.F. Kerr
(b) Stenhouse
(c) John Dewey
(d) Ross

Q.13

Curriculum is a fixed programmed of courses. This is…………..of curriculum:

(a) Old concept
(b) Learner concept
(c) Logical concept
(d) Both A & B

Q.14

The total process of designing, implementing and evaluating a curriculum is called:

(a) Curriculum construction
(b) Curriculum design
(c) Curriculum development
(d) Curriculum implementation

Q.15

The term………..has traditionally has been used to cover all the process;

(a) Curriculum construction
(b) Curriculum design
(c) Curriculum development
(d) Curriculum implementation

Q.16

Curriculum cannot be built without:

(a) Philosophy
(b) Psychology
(c) Ideology
(d) All of these

Q.17

Effective teachers treat all students:

(a)In best way
(b) Not equally
(c) With no regard to quality
(d) None of these

Q.18

Traditionally, content is arranged in:

(a) Plan of active
(b) Imagination
(c) Innovation
(d) Logical order

Q.19

Spiral sequencing was given by Burner in:

(a) 1963
(b) 1964
(c) 1966
(d) 1967

Q. 20

The main source of innovation is:

(a) Upgraded technology
(b) Human mind
(c) Research
(d) All of these

Q.21

…………..is a basic institution for socialization of children:

(a) School
(b) Religion
(c) Family
(d) Community

Q.22

Solo taxonomy eas presented by Biggis and Coolis in:

(a) 1980
(b) 1981
(c) 1982
(d) 1983

Q.23

Devies presented behavioral objectives theory in:

(a) 1975
(b) 1976
(c) 1977
(d) 1978

Q. 24

Co-relation of the subject in previous class is called:

(a) Vertical design
(b) Horizontal design
(c) Hierarchal design
(d) All of these

Q 25.

The component of curriculum to check the progress is

(a) Content
(b) Method
(c) Evaluation
(d) Objectives

Q.26

Elements of curriculum are:

(a) Objectives, contents, methodology, AV Aids
(b) Objectives, contents, evaluation, grading
(C) Objectives, evaluation grading, AV Aids
(d) Objectives, contents

Q. 27

the majr components of curriculum are:

(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 3

Q.28

the first step in the curriculum development is:

(a) Methods
(b) Material
(c) Evaluation
(d) Objectives

Q 29.

Which one of the following guides the evolution process:

(a) Technique
(b) Hypothesis
(c) Objectives
(d) none of these

Q. 30

Behavioral objectives was presented by:

(a) Frobel
(b) Davies
(c) Ross
(d) Monroe

Q. 31

Curriculum evaluation determines;

(a) Importance of curriculum
(b) Change of curriculum
(c) worth of curriculum
(d) Action of curriculum

Q. 32

A type of evaluation that is perfumed in the begging of any program is called:

(a) Placement evaluation
(b) summation evaluation
(c) Formative evaluation
(d) Diagnostic evaluation.

Q.33

The curriculum presented by experts and learned people is called:

(a)Entitlement
(b) Intended curriculum
(c) Recommended curriculum
(d) Supported curriculum

Q. 34

Which of the following are achievable in the classroom?

(a) Aims
(b) Targets
(c) Objectives
(d) Goals

Q. 35

The process of aims is:

(a) Short term
(b) Long term
(c) Limited
(d) Achievable

Q.36

In the class, Objectives can be:

(a) Changed
(b) Observed
(c) Achievable
(d) Taught

Q.37

Objectives, aims and goals have strong:

(a) Foundation
(b) Relationship
(c) Conceptual framework
(d) Direction

Q.38

Objectives are intermediate and can be achieved in:

(a) Short term
(b) Long term
(c) Limited
(d) None of these

Q.40

Which one of following is broadest in nature:

(a) Aim
(b) Goal
(c) Objective
(d) None of these

Q.41

Indented outcomes of any programme or activity are called:

(a) Conclusion
(b) Objective
(c) Plan
(d) Research data

Q. 42

A broad or general statement reflecting the ultimate ends towards which the total educational programme is directed is called:

(a) Goals
(b) Plans
(c) Conclusion
(d) Strategy

Q.43

Reflects the purpose of a particular unit or level of the school programme such as elementary, middle level or high school:

(a) Data
(b) Plans
(c) General objectives
(d) Specific objectives

Q.44

The stage where the students have understanding to organize and arrange material mentally is called:

(a) Synthesis
(b) Evaluation
(c) Comprehension
(d) Application

Q.45

Decision about aims, goals, objectives and selection of major areas of curriculum, choosing learning experience and evaluation procedures are reached after input:

(a) By various methods
(b) By researchers
(c) By various groups
(d) None of these

Q.46

The scientific process of classifying things or arranging them in groups is called:

(a) Data
(b) Taxonomy
(c) Goals
(d) None of these

Q.47

The principle refer to the need for a program to be resilient in its application is the principle of:

(a) Rationality
(b) Flexibility
(c) Balance
(d) None of these

Q.48

the taxonomy of educational objectives by Dr. Bloom is:

(a) vertical
(b) Horizontal
(c) Hierarchical
(d) None of these

Q.49

Domain Means:

(a) A field of knowledge
(b) Hypothesis
(c) Bothe A&B
(d) None of these

Q.50

According to Bloom’s taxonomy, “Application level” questions require students to:

(a) Recall or recognize information
(b) Arrange and organize information mentally
(c) Use a rule, a classification system, direction or the like solving a problem
(d) None of these

Q.51

Which of the following components of attitude represents a person’s opinions, knowledge and information?

(a) Effective components
(b) Cognitive components
(c) Behavioral components
(d) Objective components

Q.52

The worth of a student / person attaches to a particular object or phenomenon is:

(a) Organization
(b) Receiving
(c) Responding
(d) Valuing

Definition, Scope & Importance

Q.53

play a vital role in attaining the aims and objectives of education

(a) Curriculum
(b) Learning
(c) Activities
(d) Syllabus

Q.54

…………..in its broadest sense, includes the complete school environment, involving all the course, activities, regarding and association, furnished to the pupils in school:

(a) Syllabus
(b) Learning
(c) Curriculum
(d) None of these

Q.55

Syllabus is a list of topics is a subject that is prepared for:

(a) Public examination
(b) Fulfillment of national objectives
(c) National education programme
(d) All of these

Q.56

Ion syllabus:

(a) Details of objectives of education are net provided
(b) Details of contents are not provided
(c) Detail of methods of teaching are not provided
(d) All of above

Q.57

The common aim of education is to:

(a) Develop abilities of students
(b) Develop personality
(c) Develop Socially
(d) All of these

Q.58

Books are the:

(a) Memory of human race
(b) Capital of human race
(c) Intellectual struggle of human race
(d) All of these

Q.59

The most effective source of konwledgw:

(a) Computer
(b) Book
(c) Educational excursion
(d) Seminar

Q. 60

A text book:

(a) Covers the content of a particular educational level
(b) Fulfills the very least educational needs of the students
(c) Discuss details of topics of a particular education level
(d) All of above

Q.61

In the provinces of Pakistan, textbook boards were established in:

(a) 1960
(b) 1961
(c) 1962
(d) 1963

Q.62

In the educational literature of the Arabs, which of the following stands for curriculum;

(a) Siraat
(b) Minhaj
(c) Takasur
(d) Alam

Q.63

There are:

(a) Four elements of curriculum
(b) Three elements of curriculum
(c) Tow elements of curriculum
(d) Five elements of curriculum

Q.64

The important components of curriculum are:

(a) Objectives and curriculum content
(b) Objectives, curricular content arid methodology
(c) Objectives, contents, methodology and evaluation
(d) Both A&B

Q.65

Which of the following plays an important role in the fulfillment of curriculum:

(a) Objectives
(b) Objectives and contents
(c) Objectives, contents and methodology
(d) Objectives, contents, methodology and evaluation

Q.66

During the determination of curricular objectives:

(a) Social needs are primarily considered
(b) Social values are primarily considered
(c) Now emerging social needs are primarily considered
(d) All of above

Q.67

The process of curriculum is:

(a) Dynamic
(b) Traditional (c) Not flexible
(d) Not dynamic
(c) Not flexible (d) Not dynamic

Q.68

Measurement is a dimension of:

(a) Educational evaluation
(b) Learning
(c) Method of teaching
(d) Attitude

Q.69

Which of the following trait is not concerned with measurement:

(a) Comparison
(b) Quantity
(c) Standard
(d) Number

Q.70

The process of curriculum development is continuous and:

(a) Whirling
(b) Conical
(c) Informative
(d) None of these

Q.71

Who said that curriculum consist of four elements:

(a) Lidwell
(b) Mead
(c) Ker
(d) Taba

Q.72

Evaluation is:

(a) A continuous process
(b) Limited process
(c) Not an applied process
(d) Whirling

Q.73

Educational evaluation is a process by which:

(a) A teacher can assess his performance
(b) A student can assess his performance
(c) A teacher and student can assess their performance
(d) A head teacher can assess his teaching

Q.74

Measurement is a:

(a) Quantitative aspect of evaluation
(b) Standardized aspect of evaluation
(c) Quantitative and Standardized
(d) None of these

Q.75

Which of the following is a conduct by a teacher assesses the level of understanding, interest and attention of the children:

(a) Evaluation
(b) Measurement
(c) Assessment
(d) Examination

Q. 76

A test:

(a) is a combination of statement
(b) Can be written or in oral form
(c) Evaluates the traits of the students
(d) All of these

Q.77

Curriculum is interpreted to mean all the organization course, achievable and experiences which students have under the directions of the school, whether in the classroom or not, is said by:

(a) Stephen Romine
(B) Hilda Taba
(c) John Dewey
(d) H. Rugg

Q.78

Learning means:

(a) Change in behavior
(b) Teaching process
(c) Curriculum change
(d) None of these

Q.79

What is the outline of the content called:

(a) Course
(b) Syllabus
(c) Programme
(d) All of above

Q.80

Component of curricular is:

(a) Evaluation
(b) Objectives
(c) Teaching strategies
(d) All of these

Q.81

Model of curriculum presently being used at any stage in Pakistan is:

(a) Activity
(b) Subject
(c) Integrated
(d) All of these

Q. 82

The committee responsible to finalize the curriculum up to secondary level in Pakistan in:

(a) National curriculum committee
(b) Teachers curriculum committee
(C) Text curriculum committee
(d) None of these

Q.83

Intelligence level of gifted students is:

(a) 140 and above
(b) 110 an above
(c) 90 and above
(d) None of above

Q.84

The mirror of the society is:

(a) Hospital
(b) Office
(c) School
(d) Play grounds

Q.85

types of individual differences are:

(a) Physical
(b) Mental
(c) Emotional
(d) All of these

Q.86

Curriculum is blue print of the school that includes experiences for the:

(a) Teacher
(b) Learner
(c) Curriculum planner
(d) Experts

Q.87

The scope of curriculum includes:

(a) Programme of studies
(b) Programme of activities
(c) Programme of guidance
(d) all od above

Q.88

Detailed contents of the subjects for class is called:

(a)Course
(b) Syllabus
(c) Programme
(d) All of these

Q.89

Percentage of knowledge gained through observation / vision is:

(a) 75%
(b) 50%
(c) 60%
(d) 40%

Q.90

Keeping in the view the types of students in a class are generally grouped as:

(a) Average
(b) Below average
(c) Above average
(d) All of these

Q.91

Summative evaluation takes place:

(a) In the begging
(b) In the middle
(c) At the end
(D) After regular inter

Q.92

Which education policy suggested to give equal weight to general science and technical education:

(a) 1972
(b) 1978
(c) 1992
(d) 1998

Q.93

In planning and implementation curricula school makes its selection from:

(a) Culture
(b) Nation
(c) Region
(c) Mass communication

Q.94

How many basic components of curriculum have:

(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8

Q.95

Effectiveness of curriculum is determined by:

(a) Objectives
(b) Design
(c) Method
(d) Evaluation

Q.96

The model of beahvioural objectives of curriculum evaluation eas presented by:

(a) Tyler
(b) Stuffle beam
(c0 Hilda taba
(d) John Dewey

Q.97

One way of finding out, what is going on in the main classroom is:

(a) Observation
(b) Case study
(c) Autobiography
(d) Attitude scale

Q.98

When, what, why & how, to teach is the main task of:

(a) Educational philosophy
(b) Educational psychology
(c) Economics
(d) History

Q.99

Philosophy and curriculum are concerned with the question of what:

(a) A man can become
(b) Is the purpose of life
(c) Are requirements of success
(d) Was man in the past?

Q.100

Philosophical foundation of curricular is concerned with:

(a) Ideas
(b) History
(c) Economy
(d) Contents

Q.101

Ontology deals with the nature of:

(a) Knowledge
(b) Value
(c) Good and evil
(d) teaching

Q.102

Psychology foundation of curriculum help curriculum developers to understand the nature of:

(a) Teachers
(b) Contents
(c) Learners
(d) Teaching

Q.103

Sociology foundations are concerned with:

(a) Ideas
(b) History
(c) Society
(d) Economy

Q.104

Subject entered design revolve around:

(a) Learner
(b) Social problem
(c) Content
(d) Social Vales

Q.105

A frame work or plan of action for preparing a curriculum is:

(a) Curriculum design
(b) Foundation of curriculum
(c) Curriculum evaluation
(d) Elements of curriculum

Q.106

Knowledge is compartmentalized in:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.107

Prior planning is characteristic of:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.108

Explanatory methods are used in:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.109

Broad field curriculum is a modification of:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.110

Rote learning is a demerit of:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.111

Teacher training is less emphasis in:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.112

Which curriculum is based on thinking of John Dewey:

(a) Subject centered curriculum
(b) Learner centered curriculum
(c) Activity centered curriculum
(d) All of above

Q.113

Which curriculum is emphasized for primary classes:

(a) Subject based curriculum
(b) Integrated curriculum
(c) Teacher centered curriculum
(d) None of these

Q.114

Development of curriculum at higher level and its application at different levels is:

(a) Centralized
(b) Decentralized
(c) Horizontal organization
(d) Vertical

Q.115

What is the purpose of integrated curriculum:

(a) Increase in student enrollment
(b) Decrease in dropout
(c) Decrease in no. of books
(d) Increase in no. of books

Q.116

What is the relationship of different concepts at one level:

(a) Centralized
(b) Decentralized
(c) Horizontal
(d) Vertical Organization

Q.117

What is the problem of curriculum development in Pakistan:

(a) Lack of financial resources
(b) Less no. of teachers
(c) Insufficient building of schools
(d) All of above

Q.118

Which is not concerned with teacher training:

(a) University of education
(b) IER
(c) DS
(d) BISE

Q.120

When was university of education established:

(a) 2000
(b) 2001
(c) 2002
(d) 2003

Q.121

When was Allama Iqbal Open university was established:

(a) 1970
(b) 1974
(c) 1980
(d) 1984

Q.122

The system of distance education is observed in:

(a) University of education
(b) Allama Iqbal open university
(c) Punjab Universty
(d) B.Z. university

Q.123

What is major functions of Punjab text book board:

(a) Conduct examination
(b) Teacher training
(c) Printing books
(d) None of these

Q.124

What is the evaluation used to improve the contents during curriculum

(a) Formative evaluation
(b) Summative evaluation
(C) Diagnostic evaluation
(d) None of these

Q.125

Evaluation used to improve the contents after curriculum development:

(a) Formative evaluation
(b) Summative evaluation
(c) Diagnostic evaluation
(d) None of these

Q.126

What is evaluation used to find out deficiencies and difficulties in curriculum:

(a) Relevancy
(b) Flexibility
(c) Vertical organization
(d) Horizontal

Q.127

Hilda Taba’s is an expert in the field of:

(a) Education research
(b) Curriculum development
(c) Educational psychology
(d) Assessment and evaluation

Q.128

Curriculum improvement should be a…………….process:

(a) Initial
(b) Last
(c) Continuous
(d) Internal

Q.129

Which is not perspective of education included in your syllabus:

(a) Philosophical
(b) Cultural
(c) Political
(d) Economic

Q.130

Curriculum a Latin origin word means:

(a) Subject
(b) Runway
(c) School books
(d) Content

Q.131

Five stages of awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption are for:

(a) Curriculum development
(b) Curriculum change
(c) Curriculum formation
(d) Curriculum implementation

Q.132

The highest in rank in ministry of education is:

(a) Education Officer
(b) Administrative Officer
( c ) Secretary
( d) Research Officer

Q.133

How many stages are in Hilda Taba’s curriculum model:

many stages are in Hilda Taba’s curriculum model:

(a) Three
(b) Five
(c) Seven
(d) Nine

Q.134

The most important component of lesson plan is:

(a) Objectives
(b) Curriculum
(c) Teaching method
(d) Evolution

Q.135

To select subject matter, one should consider student’s:

(a) Health
(b) Physical education
(c) I.Q
(d) Class

Q.136

curriculum is defined as:

(a) Course of study
(b) Methods of instruction
(c) Courses of study
(d) Experiences organized by school

Q.137

Curriculum construction should be the work of:

(a) Administrators
(b) Teachers & curriculum experts
(c) Pupils
(d) All of above

Q.138

At elementary level, modern educators are in favor of:

(a) Text book approach
(b) Subject matter approach
(c) Integrated curriculum
(d) Teacher centered curriculum

Q.139

High School curriculum neglect:

(a) Vocational education
(b) Individual needs
(c) Co-curricular activities
(d) Core curriculum

Q.140

Who said curriculum is written plan:

(a) Ragan
(b) Tyler
(c) Albert
(D) Smith, Stanley and shore

Q.141

Hilda Taba Believed that development of curriculum should be designed by:

(a) Teachers
(b) Head teacher
(c) Subject specialist
(d) Experts

Q.142

the factors that affect the development of curriculum called:

(a) Foundation of curriculum
(b) Curriculum design
(c) Curriculum evaluation
(d) Elements of curriculum

Q.143

Which curriculum lays emphasis on students over all development:

(a) Subject
(b) Learner centered
(c) Activity based
(d) Integrated

Q.144

Foundation of curriculum is / are:

(a) Historical
(b) Psychological
(c) Economic
(d) All of these

Q.145

The objectives and structure of knowledge is remained by:

(a) Philosopher
(b) Psychologist
(c) Economists
(d) Sociologists

Q.146

Cognitive development is a process of:

(a) Physical development
(b) Sentimental development
(c) Mental development
(d) Structural development

Q.147

The element of curriculum is

(a) Objectives
(b) Contents
(c) Evaluation
(d) All of these

Q.148

Content Includes:

(a) Knowledge
(b) Skills
(c) Attitudes and values
(d) All of these

Q.149

Cognitive theory is presented by:

(a) Bloom
(b) Thorndike
(c) Jean piaget
(d) Erikson

Q.150

Goals provide guidance is selection of:

(a) Activities
(b) Means
(c) Contents
(d) Objectives

Q.151

Which philosophical issue can effect curriculum decision:

(a) The aims of education
(b) The structure of knowledge
(c) The worth wholeness of knowledge
(d) All of these

Q.152

The nature of aims indicates that they are basically:

(a) Operational
(b) Practical
(c) Philosophical
(d) None of these

Q.153

What types of curriculum is the syllabus:

(a) Supportive
(b) Recommended
(c) Written
(d) Ideal

Q.154

The major purpose of co-curriculum activities is to:

(a) Help students achieve a well-adjusted personality
(b) Allows students an opportunity to develop into good citizen
(c) Provide relief from the usual classroom routine
(d) Permit students to have a choice of educational programme

Q. 155

according to Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objective, the psychometer domain deals with:

(a) Intellectual abilities
(b) Feelings or emotion
(c) Manipulative and motor skills
(d) Ethics abilities

Q.156

The curriculum contents should satisfy the following criteras:

(a) Validity and significance
(b) Interest and learning ability
(c) Balanced and breadth and depth
(d) All of these

Q.157

Curriculum development and revision is:

(a) Continues process
(b) Broken process
(c) Interrupted
(d) Limited process

Q.158

The most important factor which resist the curriculum changed is:

(a) Aristocratic class of the society
(b) Political leaders
(c) Teachers
(d) Parents

Q.159

What is curriculum:

(a) Course
(b) Syllabus
(c) Co-curricular
(d) Overall activities of an institution

Q.160

Mini culture is:

(a) Home
(b) Content
(c) Curriculum
(d) Classroom

Q.161

Which domain of objectives is not being evaluated through our present system of:

(a) Cognitive
(b) Affective
(c) Psycho meter
(d) None of these

Q.162

Curriculum provides guidance for:

(a) School
(b) Parents
(c) Teachers
(d) Students

Q. 163

Syllabus is a part of:

(a) Society
(b) Classroom
(c) Curriculum
(d) Activities

Q.164

Benefits of A.V aids are that they:

(a) Create interest
(b) Reduce verbalization
(c) Stimulate self activity
(d) All of these

Q.165

Curriculum presents instruction material is stated by:

(a) Wheller
(b) Jack Kerr
(c) Smith
(d) Elizbath Maccis

Q.166

Relationship of subjects at different level is called:

(a) Centralization
(b) De-centralization
(c) Horizontal
(d) Vertical

Q.167

Which type of curriculum organization is used for different concepts at the same class:

(a) Vertical
(b) Horizontal
(c) Logical
(d) None of these

Q.168

Which of the following falls in the category of audio video aids:

(a) Radio
(b) Television
(c) Tape recorder
(d) All of these

Q.169

Curriculum reflects the culture of:

(a) Society
(b) Home
(d) School
(d) Area

Q.170

All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school is curriculum:

(a) H. Rugg
(b) J.F. Kerr
(c) M. Johnson
(d) Beanchamp

Q.171

curriculum is really the entire programme of the school’s work:

(a) H. Rugg
(b) J.F. Kerr
(c) M. Johnson
(d) Beanchamp

Q.172

terms, terminology, means, definition, references and elements are examples of:

(a) Comprehensions
(b) Knowledge
(c) Analysis
(d) Application

Q. 173

Meanings, samples, definition, abstraction, representations, works and phrases:

(a) Comprehensions
(b) Knowledge
(c) Analysis
(d) Application

Q. 174

Accuracy, consistency, fallacies, reliability, flaws, errors, precision and exactness:

(a) Comprehensions
(b) Knowledge
(c) Analysis
(d) Application

Q. 175

The principle refers to a logical relationship which exists within the curriculum is the principles of:

(a) Rationality
(b) Flexibility
(c) Balance
(d) None of these.

Ayesha Saeed

How Cheque Clearing Process Works in Banks in Pakistan

Last Updated on February 5, 2020 By Ayesha Saeed 2 Comments

The word Clearing has been derived from the word “CLEAR” and is defined as “a system by which banks exchange Cheques and other Negotiable instrument drawn on each other within a specified area and thereby secure payment through the clearing house at specified time” in an efficient way.

As we know that, one of the basic economic functions of commercial banks is to receive deposits and to honour Cheques drawn upon them. So, Businesses after opening bank accounts use cheques. The cheque is the most commonly used instrument for making payments by account holders.

Along with the Cheques, there are some other negotiable instruments like Pay Order (PO), Demand Draft (DD), Travelers Cheques (TC), Call Deposit receipt (CDR) etc, that are used for making payments and are drawn upon a bank.

The question arises that how these Cheques & other negotiable instruments drawn on one bank are deposited in other banks and money is transferred from one bank to another.

Clearing House has provided this facility. Clearing house facilitates different banks, in one city, to get their Cheques drawn upon other banks to be cleared.

Cheques lodged in clearing connect two types of clearing:

Lodgement of Cheques in Outward Clearing

When Cheques, Traveller Cheques and other negotiable instruments drawn upon other banks like MCB, ABN-AMRO of the same city (as Lahore) are presented in your Bank to deposit them in the respective payee’s accounts (customer’s account), these instruments are lodged in outward clearing(o/w clg) of your Bank.

Stamps Marked on Cheques

When the Cheques are presented in ACBL to be deposited in their respective payee’s accounts, different stamps are marked on Cheques before their lodgment in outward clearing.

Crossing the Cheque

Crossing means two parallel transverse lines, drawn across the face of the Cheques with or without words (Payee’s A/C Only) written in between them.

Crossing may be general or special. In clearing Cheques are crossed specially. Cheques are stamped with bank’s name between two transverse parallel lines to constitute special crossing.

After the Cheques have been crossed specially, the holder cannot receive payment except through the bank named on the Cheque. Basic advantage of crossing is to save the instrument to go it from illegal hands. If, a crossed Cheque is lost or stolen, there is no risk of wrong payment. So it is an effective means of minimizing the risk of loss or forgery.

Clearing Stamp

After the Cheques have been crossed specially, clearing stamp is put on the Cheques and other instruments, with the following day’s date, as these Cheques would have to be presented in their concerned Drawee banks on the subsequent day.

Endorsement Stamp

The word endorsement is derived from Latin word ‘indorsum’ which means ‘on the back’. Ordinarily, it means anything written or printed upon the back of an instrument.

So, at the end, the Cheques are endorsed in full (endorsed specially) by putting the stamp with words describing “Payee’s account Credited in ACBL Tufail road, Lahore”.

After putting these three stamps on Cheques & other negotiable instruments, they are sent to NIFT (National Institutional Facilitation Authority) with Add List in a SATCHEL. NIFT after segregating the Cheques of different banks delivers them to their concerned branches, which constitute the inward clearing for those (drawee) banks.

Return in Outward Clearing

Some of the Cheques lodged in o/w clearing are dishonoured by the concerned branches due to some deficiencies and returned back through NIFT. This process is carried out under main branch’s governance.

Either, these Cheques are again lodged in outward clearing or returned to customers by canceling bank’s all stamps, based on the reasons.

Now, the accounting entries opposite to first are passed i.e. Payee’s accounts are debited & main branch’s account is credited.

Inward Clearing

Cheques and other negotiable instruments (PO, DD, PS, CDR etc.) drawn on your bank branch, sent by other banks, constitute the inward clearing of ACBL.

After having all the stamps and dates of Cheques confirmed, the concerned drawer’s accounts are debited (in ACBL Circular Road) and main branch’s account is credited by the total amount.

Return of Inward Clearing

In case of Cheques dishonoured (returned) due to some deficiencies, the main branch’s account is debited by the amount of Cheques returned, and the Cheques are sent back to the NIFT by attaching the RETURN MEMO.

Ayesha Saeed

How to Get NTN Number in Pakistan

Last Updated on November 12, 2021 By Ayesha Saeed Leave a Comment

All of us think the same when we plan to start our business. We must register our business to be safe but how can we have NTN (National Tax Number) ?

When I was a university student and planning to start my business after completion, I had the same confusion with very little information regarding Business Registration in Pakistan (expect basics studied in university).

Somehow, people manage to run an unregistered business but in the broader sense, non registered businesses and people running those businesses are cheating their homeland. After being registered, you pay monthly and annual taxes on sales and profits depending upon your form of business. These collected amounts are reinvested for country’s betterment.

Which Business to register?

There are multiple types of businesses including individual, partnership, public and private limited companies. Each of them have different features and benefits and entirely different from each other in various manners

How to Register a Business & Get NTN

There is some basic information you need to provide to the registrar at FBR or registration authority for giving you a legal authority of running a business in a proper way.

Your preferred Company Name i.e, Al Haq Traders, XYZ Enterprises

Location of the business, principal office, and branch office with their complete address and contact details.

Business Nature or Principal Activity (Manufacturing, Trading, Retail, Wholesale, Services, etc)

Contact details of Partners (if partnership company)

An Active Bank Account

As we are in Pakistan, I shall force you to get Get NTN & GST. There are two stages of registration of a Business under FBR.

The 1st one is the National Tax Number (in short NTN)

and

The 2nd is the Indirect Tax type, called Sales Tax Registration (in short STRn or STR)

It is simple to get NTN but a little harder to register for STRn. By registering for NTN, you need to pay annual taxes on the income; as it is Income Tax Registration but after registering you are bound to pay Sales Tax every month on the sales amount. Which is 17% of the product value.

Let’s say, Product price is 100 PKRs, you will make a bill of 100 Rupees and add 17 Rupee Sales Tax. The customer will pay you 117 and the above 117 will be deposited to FBR account at the end of the month during submitting the sales tax return. The remaining 100 is yours but at the end of the fiscal year, you are bound to pay Income tax from amounts collected from these 100 rupee sales.

This is known as Income Tax Returns

You need to get your NTN first and if you are interested in acquiring your Sales Tax Registration but NTN you just need to have the above details and your National Identity Card (in Pakistan issued by Nadra).

While you are applying, keep it in mind to choose the right business category from Sole-Proprietorship, Partnership, Joint Stock, Public Limited or you are a salaried person. You are also able to register NGOs, Trusts, and others

Required Information

Business Category: Individual / Proprietorship; the Individual must

A. personally go to any Facilitation Counter of any Tax House

B. Bring the following

Original CNIC

Cell phone with SIM registered against own CNIC

Personal Email address belonging to him

Original certificate of maintenance of personal bank account in his own name

Original ownership evidence of business premises

Original paid utility bill of business premises not older than 3 months

To Register An AOP, any one of the Members / Partners Must

A. personally go to any Facilitation Counter of any Tax House

B. Bring the following

Original partnership deed, in case of Firm

Original registration certificate from Registrar of Firms, in case of Firm

CNICs of all Members / Partners

Original letter on letterhead of the AOP signed by all Members / Partners, authorizing anyone of the Members / Partners for Income / Sales Tax Registration

Cell phone with SIM registered against his own CNIC but not already registered with the FBR

Email address belonging to the AOP

Original certificate of maintenance of bank account in AOP’s name

Original evidence of tenancy/ownership of business premises, if having a business

Original paid utility bill of business premises not older than 3 months, if having a business.

For Company Registration, the Principal Officer must

A. personally go to any Facilitation Counter of any Tax House

B. Bring the following

Incorporation Certificate of the Company

CNICs of all Director

Original letter on letterhead of the company signed by all Directors, verifying the Principal Officer and authorizing him for Income Tax / Sales Tax Registration;

Cell phone with SIM registered against his own CNIC but not already registered with the FBR

Email address belonging to the Company

Original certificate of maintenance of bank account in Company’s name;

Original evidence of tenancy/ownership of business premises, if having a business

Original paid utility bill of business premises not older than 3 months, if having a business.

After collection of above-mentioned documents

Sign the form: The statement of the prescribed form shall be signed by all the partners and duly verified by them.

Fee Submission (if any, like NTN and STR is has no fee but Chamber registration, trademark authority, logo, etc have their fee)

The necessary prescribed fee will be paid and the form will be submitted to the local registrar’s office or advised bank branch.

After the registrar satisfaction, that the requirements of registration have been duly complied with, he/she shall issue you a Certificate (NTN or GST)

Benefits of NTN Number in Pakistan

Having a registered business adds so much value to your business in the following domains

General Benefits of Business Registration

Businesses are commonly unaware of the Benefits of Business Registration and that has been a major cause in less number of registered businesses. The second main reason could be that very few of us know How to Register a Business in Pakistan?

Government Facilitation

The government in every country is always focusing on facilitating business for more productivity and economic growth. Many facilities and privileges to registered firms are provided like protection of business and production, which makes it more profitable

Public’s Confidence

Registered businesses are always prioritized to non-registered from the General public. They have confidence in registered firms because registered companies are working under Government supervision and authorities. Customers can take legal action against fraud or misrepresentation. Thus They make business contracts with them without any fear.

Business Repute

Have you ever bought a small pack of snacks or biscuits compared to other company’s same product because you know the first one? The same case is here. Registered businesses are reputed and their products or services are trustworthy. Their patents, trademarks can not be copied.

Bank Facilities

Nowadays, in Pakistan, it has been compulsory to have NTN if you are willing to open a bank account with your business name and you get NTN after you get register under fbr. Banks facilitate in the way to offer less interest rate on loans, offers free banking services like checkbooks, atm cards, statements, pay orders, and many more.

Claims

Often we hear that people had lost, their creditors are not paying dues. Ever thought why? because of no registration. A registered business can file a lawsuit to creditors for nonpayments, authorities protect their rights and help in settlements of claims.

Partnership Benefits

The rights and privileges of a new partner are also protected in the registered firm, therefore people can easily invest in your business. More Capital means more Growth.

Debtors and Creditors Protection

All of the registered businesses maintain their records, they have to book-keeping. Debtors & Creditors trust registered businesses for their rights, liabilities, and debts. Investors trust easily to registered companies & invest in shares. Whole sellers and retailers can pay in advance for their next orders.

International Market

If you are planning to offer your product to the international market, how will you offer it if you are not registered under related local authorities? International buyers can easily be targeted by showing them your registration or certificates like ISO, Food Safety etc.

Ayesha Saeed

Easy Guide to Open Bank Account for Freelancers in Pakistan

Last Updated on February 26, 2020 By Ayesha Saeed 3 Comments

Opening a bank account was a baby’s task some years back. It’s still simple and easy but due to many different unethical and unauthorized activities in Pakistan, it needs some banking processes (ordered by State Bank of Pakistan) to follow for opening a Bank Account.

Basic Types of Banking Accounts

1. Current Account
2. Savings Account

In Current account, you deposit you money and get no reward or interests on deposited amount where as in saving account you get some percentage from bank that is variable bank to bank. Both accounts have the basic requirement.

The income Source: How you earn the money you want to deposit in bank?
Valid Computerized National Identity card with copies
Valid postal address of your home/office to receive letters from bank

How Free Lancers can open bank account in Pakistan?

Collect all the documents and visit nearest branch of any bank you like, there are many options and every bank is giving different services and have some different requirements as well as benefits of opening account at their bank like free cheque books, free atm cards, monthly, semi annually or annually statements as well as online banking and mobile banking.

The Problem for Bank Accounts for Freelancers

As free lancer, you cannot provide valid income source as you are neither an employee nor a business. You are just providing services online.

The fact, “Pakistan is one of those countries providing a large number of free lancers worldwide. Pakistan is ranked at no. 4 out of 10”

How to make a valid & authentic income source?

The first and sincere advice is to register yourself as a service provider with fbr and visit your rto for this purpose.

You can get a salary slip or employment letter from any of your friend or family running small or big scale business. Simply provide it to bank and get your problem solved.

It is easiest way

You can show yourself as a business entity; providing services and generating revenues. (Don’t use this in fake manners because authorities can track and disable your account in future)

For this piece of work, you will need to make a company letter head mentioning your business name with your address (both office & home are accepted).

You can simply google this queries and get hundreds of formats and visit some designer to do it for you.

Possibly bank may demand your visiting card, the reply would be, but not a big deal to answer it.

You can also open your bank account as student. For this you need to be a student of some College and university and would need to provide your student identification card along with CNIC. This account will be valid for the time of your education only.

Once your documentation is completed, you can simply go to any bank and provide them your details and request them account opening. You will provided an account opening form (usually staff will fill for you). Fill it up and submit it to bank with some initial deposit, maybe 1000 rupess or more.

If you are choosing to open account as business / service provider. You will need to write a request to bank on you letter pad for opening account. The format of application can be like this. Bank may require stamp but it’s not mandatory for personal account.

Branch Manager,

Branch Name (Town, Bazar etc)

Bank Name (the bank name)

Subject: Account opening request

Dear Sir,

We are providing online services to our clients from “one month” (time you are working) and providing services like “Website designing development, Domain, Hosting, SEO, Content writing etc” (or services you provide).

Most of our clients are from different cities and we need them to pay our services charges in our bank account. It is requested to kindly allow to open a bank account in your branch.

Regards

Your Name

CNIC No.

Your Service Providing Name

Note: In this way, your account will be opened with person’s name and not your service providing business name. If you want to open an account with your service providing name, like ABC Services, you will need to register yourself for NTN (National Tax Number) and enjoy,

Furthermore, If you are opening through this way. Bank may demand your client’s name, to whom you are providing or have provided your services in present and past respectively.

Disclaimer: This is general account opening process for freelancers and we shared it only to help them. We strongly discourage using the above way if you are not a freelancer.

Ayesha Saeed

Best Personal Loans in Pakistan

Last Updated on March 24, 2022 By Ayesha Saeed Leave a Comment

Indeed, a Personal loan helps. As Pakistan is the land of people who wants to grow both economically and socially by utilizing any opportunity at hand. It is a well-known fact that mostly the population in Pakistan belongs to the middle class. This middle class is striving to meet their ends and explore new ideas when it comes to stabilizing themselves. From establishing a small scale business to buying a car or financing for one’s studies, easy Personal Loans in Pakistan have enabled people to dream big.

Just a couple of years back, there were not enough people who trusted bank loans in Pakistan. They dreaded the interest deduction or any unpleasant incident, which can inflict them negatively. But surely the time has had to change so it did. People started understanding that low markup and interest-free loans can ease their financial burden in any specific situation without much hassle.

Certain Requirements for Personal Loan in Pakistan

Here, I want to clear one thing about getting an easy loan. Not only banks, there are some micro-financial institutions that are also offering an easy personal loan in Pakistan. For instance, Kashaf Foundation is a micro-finance non-governmental organization that is offering its services in the form of providing small business loans and financial access to women to improve their economic status.

The bank loan in Pakistan has got you covered to buy your favorite car, renovate your long forgotten home, wed your daughter, or spend on her education. To avail of these loans in Pakistan, there are certain eligibility criteria that you have to meet.

Minimum age limit is 21 years and the maximum is 45
Applicant should have a CNIC
There is a certain earning limit set for the applicant
Duration of business or employment is also required

To get an easy bank loan, you must check with their official websites as every bank has set the eligibility requirement. Generally, the tenure to return a loan is set between 1 to 5 years in installments. These installments depend on the amount of loan which you have taken from the bank. This time period to return the loan is a relief for people and this is what makes bank loans in Pakistan a reliable way to get money.

Telenor Micro-Finance Bank Personal Loan

As I stated earlier, apart from banks, there are some micro-finance institutions that are actively working to empower the nation economically. Telenor has initiated a mass transaction net for unbanked people with Easypaisa back in 2009.

Eventually, a micro-financial setup was set off for the unprivileged segment of society with the purpose of providing easy loans all over Pakistan.

Apart from providing micro-financial services for the sake of small businesses to fishers, merchants, manufacturers, or people from other fraternities, a project “Apni Chhat” is providing people with personal loans in Pakistan. With this project in working, the main agenda is to give access to people with low earnings to get ownership of their homes on easily monthly installments.

Salient Features of Apni Chhat Loan

Number of amounts available for a personal loan is up to 50,000
Age limit is from 22 to 60 years old to avail an easy personal loan
Timeline to return loan is 5 years with monthly instalments
No lengthy documentation and complex process
Documents to be required include original property papers, CNIC, application form and finance agreement for loan.

These micro-finance institutions have made it easy for people to fulfill their dreams in a reliable way. These easy loans bank services have set their credibility among customers and people of Pakistan in general.

Naya Pakistan Housing Scheme Loan

People in Pakistan are usually renting or living in a joint family system for not having enough resources to construct or buy their own homes. With PM Imran Khan’s Naya Pakistan Housing Program, everyone is eligible to apply for their own home in easy installments.

Loan for Schooling

Education is an undeniable right of every child but with the employment rate as high as in Pakistan, it has become a far-flung dream of many parents for their children. Ihsan Trust is an organization, which is providing qarz-e-hasna to students for higher education. One of the best features of this loan is that it is a loan in Pakistan without interest to fulfill educational needs in Pakistan.

The return policy of personal loan is simple and the eligibility of the applicant depends on its need. The students have to pay back the amount after the completion of their studies. The returning amount is amendable and depends on the earnings of the student.

Based on the socio-economic condition in Pakistan, it is appropriate to say that access to easy loans in Pakistan is a new wave that is empowering people to improve small & medium scale businesses and reduce Unemployment in Pakistan

Ayesha Saeed

Pakistan’s Election System – Types of Election in Pakistan

Last Updated on February 26, 2020 By Ayesha Saeed Leave a Comment

Election mean choosing or selection of candidates for an office by vote. Its play pivotal role in democracy. It is fair and legal way to gain power in country. It is not something novel, it has been in vogue for centuries. We have it is traces Ancient Greece. The Roman Empire and more defiantly in the caliphate period.

Types of Election in Pakistan

Election is mainly of two types – Direct and indirect Election. In a direct election all voters can vote to choose head of the state, while in an indirect election only the members of an electoral college can vote to select this head of the state. We have heard other names likes General Election, Local Election, By Election etc. among them the General Election is the most important and most popular. In it, country choose members of national assembly or provincial assembly. Election is an organized institution itself. There is an election commission that arranges for election when required. It has its declared rules and regulations. It enlist the voters. It issues the electoral lists, election symbols etc. it ensure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballet paper. It tries its best to free, fair and transparent election.

In Pakistan with the announcement of election date, election campaign commences and the game of democracy is now in full swing. All the parties and their workers seen more active and busy in propaganda. Election offices are set up. Contesting candidates start visiting the people, all pretend to be more patriot than the others. In Asian countries, election is a more interesting thing, there we see large banners, posters, hand bills and chalking on walls. There are interesting slogans. There are corner meetings, fiery speeches, long procession, catchy slogans, tall promises, clapping and so on. Zinda Abad or Murda Abad, Is there. One is called is patriot, while the other is declared traitor, workers clash, murders, family, disputes, vote-purchasing and temptation are common.

Although active election campaign ends 45 hours before polling, yet secret canvassing continues till the last vote in casted.

On the Election Day, voters flock towards the polling station. There are election camps outside the polling station to advise the voters. Even after casting votes, voters are not ready to leave the polling station. They wait for the result then in a group they go to congratulate there wining candidates.

Election system in Pakistan is not flawless. There are many loopholes in it. Voter-registration is faulty. Many illiterate person cannot got themselves registered in the voters list. There are mistakes in electoral roll. Fake votes are in abundance. There is violation of election rules. Vote purchasing is common.

There are very poor arrangements to maintain the secrecy and sanctity of vote. Sometimes even there is doctoring of election results. Pakistan’s election system only in encourages the wealthy and powerful people to take post in election. It outs the honest and gentle people from the game of democracy. That is why, only corrupt, selfish and fraudulent leaders come in power and feather their own nests. It is not a happy tradition and future seems dark.

But still they should not be pessimistic, Pakistan should optimize democratic institution by over-healing the election system. There should be such a full proof election system that no selfish, greedy or looter can occupy the government. It should encourage honest, sincere, selfless and devoted people who could change the fate of their nation. Fair, free, impartial and transparent election is a guarantee for the progress and prosperity of the country.

Ayesha Saeed

Importance of Zakat

Last Updated on February 11, 2020 By Ayesha Saeed Leave a Comment

The only reason for the importance of Zakat is that it is an important pillar of Islam. Different scholars may have different definitions of Zakat but in simple words, “Zakat is Purification of money”. Zakat is due after 1 year of keeping the asset. These assets include everything excess from your needs.

Zakat is totally different as the tax is imposed by National Govt but Zakat is part of belief in Islam. Every country imposes different types of taxes depending upon the economic condition where as Zakat is Universal law applicable to all Muslims

Zakat and Tax difference is also observed that Zakat is for deserving people and must be delivered by the one who is deducting it but Tax is paid to Govt and they utilize the amount as they want to.

“Zakat is a transfer payment which Sahib –e – Nisab Muslims make at given rates by themselves or through the Islamic state to the poor and the needy in or after the month of Rajab.

Difference between Zakat and Tax

Zakat is absolutely different from tax which is imposed by the Govt. the main differences are as under

Zakat

• Zakat Payment is Religsious duty of Muslims
• It is imposed on only Muslims who are meet requirements
• Zakat is complusory payment and not remitted
• Zakat rates are fixed. They are mentioned in Holy Quran & can not be changed
• It can be paid to individuals by individuals
• Beneficiaries of zakat are mentioned in Islam. They can spend it anywhere
• Zakat Nisab is fixed
• It is to be paid after completion of a year
• Zakat is imposed on all goods like silver, animal, gold, property, agricultural income and more
• Objective behind paying Zakat is to please Almighty Allah by spending financial resources and helping poors
• Zakat purifies the wealth
• It’s fixed and not variable
• Zakat creates feeling of being muslim society member irrespective to regional limits
• Zakat payments doesn’t facilitate payer
• Collected Zakat can be spend anywhere by anywhere without any boundries
• Zakat Imposition is based upon those who have ability. There is nothing like indirect or direct zakat
• NO curroption is observed in zakat collection

Tax

• Paying Tax is National Duty of all citizens
• Tax is payable by every citizen who has ability
• Tax is compulsory payment & remitted by Govt.
• It is changeable, Govt. may change it according to economic condition of country
• It is to be paid by individuals to the Govt.
• Tax collection by govt is subjected to spend on where Govt. wants too
• Tax amount depends upon income/sales and can be changed
• It can be paid anytime
• Imposition of tax is based upon incomes & sales
• Tax collection objective is to spend collected amounts on developments and welfairs of society
• Paying tax doesn’t purify wealth. It saves from legal actions
• Tax is progessive
• Tax creates native feelings
• Tax Payers are facicilitated by the Govt.
• Collected tax is subjected to be spent on collected region only
• Tax imposed on everyone using direct and indirect tax patterns
• A lot of curroption is observed in tax collection

CONCLUSION: Keeping in view the above whole difference in Zakat and Tax, We know that It is the main tool of fiscal policy of an Islamic state. It provides financial assistance to poor persons, raises the aggregate growth of the economy, plays a vital role to stabilize all the fiscal variables and make the country prosperous.

Zakat ASSESMENT- Who should Give Zakat

For the assessment of Zakat, the following must be kept in view.

Sahib-e-nisab Muslim

A Muslim who owns and keeps in his or her possession at least 7.5 tola gold or 52.5 tola silver or cash money to the equivalent value is considered a sahib e nisab Muslim. It is his compulsion to pay Zakat at its prescribed rates by Quran and Hadith.

Zakat on Exposed and Unexposed wealth

Exposed wealth is the wealth which is exposed to the society e.g. agricultural goods, camels, sheep, minerals, etc. On the other hand, unexposed wealth is the wealth which remains unexposed to the society e.g. gold, silver, cash, liquid assets etc.

The rates of Zakat

Zakat is paid at the following fixed rates.

Gold, silver cash:

For at least 7.5 tola gold, 52.5 tola silver or the equivalent value in terms of business inventories or commercial goods or cash money , the rate of Zakat is 2.5% of the total value of the goods or money.

Agriculture:

Zakat which is called usher, is paid at the rate of 10% from the agriculture output of the land which is irrigated by natural sources and is paid at the rate of 5% from the output of the land which is irrigated by artificial sources like canals, tube wells etc.

Animals:
Zakat is paid on the commercial animals at the following rates:
One goat from 40-120 goats. Two goat from 121-200 goats and three goats from 201-300 goats.
One cow from each 40 cows.
One camel from each 5 camels
Minerals

Zakat is paid on mineral e.g. coal, iron, salt, etc. at the rate of 20%.

BENEFICIARIES OF ZAKAT – Who can receive Zakat

The following can be beneficiaries of Zakat.

The poor

These are the people who cannot be treated as sahib-e-nisab.

The needy

These are the people who are unable to earn their living e.g. handicapped, disable, orphans etc.

Collectors of Zakat

These are the people who collect and distribute Zakat among the poor and the needy. Their salaries are paid from the Zakat fund.

The new Muslims

These are the people who have recently converted to Islam.

The Slaves

Zakat can be used to make free the slaves and prisoners of wars from their masters and enemies.

The debtors

People who are heavily indebted can get Zakat to repay their debts provided that the debt is not taken for the sinful purpose.

The travelers

The travelers can get Zakat to complete their journey in case they fall in need of money.

Mujahideen

Zakat can also be given to Mujahideen to prepare them for jihad. Also, the dependents of the martyrs and the religious educational institutions can seek assistance from the Zakat fund.

Thus, Zakat is a source of financial assistance for the poor and needy persons.

Importance of Zakat

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF ZAKAT

The following facts reflect the Social and Economic Importance of Zakat.

Purification of the soul

Zakat purifies the soul of contributor from the evils of miser ness. It makes them humble and God-fearing. It also creates wealth discouraging love among people.

Healthy growth of the community

Zakat leads to the healthy growth of the economy and the community. It uplifts the less fortunate members of the society.

Narrow Down the Economic Inequalities

Zakat narrows down the economics inequalities in the community to the minimum possible limit. The rich may not grow richer ant he poor poorer.

Wider circulation of wealth

Zakat increases the speedy circulation of wealth. It discourages hoarding and provides an automatic mechanism for the flow of wealth from rich to the poor thus, it widens the circulation of wealth among the community.

Main Source of Income

Zakat occupies a central position in the financial structure of a Muslim state, because it contributes too much towards national treasury and it provides sufficient fund to Govt.

Fair Distribution of Wealth

Zakat meets an important purpose for spreading and distributing wealth that becomes just and equitable. It guarantees that income is not centralized rather it moves very rapidly among different groups of society.

Minimizes Unemployment

Zakat is a very vital instrument for removing unemployment .the money received by the people can be used and poor can start a business.

Economic Stability

The problem of instability does not take place in an Islamic economy due to the mechanism of Zakat. Zakat promotes the velocity of circulation of money due to which AD for goods and services rises. This determines the level of investment, income and unemployment on stable footing.

Self-reliance

Zakat eliminates poverty and diversity from the society. It brings amount prosperity .people can take care of each other and in such a way Zakat enables an economy to be self-reliant.

Capital accumulation

By Zakat, people can use their liquid assets to promote capital formation in the country. They invest their assets due to which growth rate of the economy goes up and the country gets prosperity.

Mobilization of resources

Such individuals who get income in the shape of Zakat are in a position to utilize the available resources . In this way, the maximum use of resources becomes possible.

Social security

Zakat fund not only covers the poor and the disabled, but it also provides social security to unemployed individuals.

Social welfare

Hospitals, schools and handicrafts centers for the poor can be constructed by making use of Zakat fund. This promotes social welfare in the country.

Anti-social activities

Zakat is paid obviously from rizq-e-halal. thus, the Muslims who pay Zakat refrain themselves from anti-social activities like hoarding, smuggling etc.

Control of crimes

The major cause of crimes particularly theft is due to the poverty of people. The problem of poverty can be easily over come by Zakat. In such a way, the crime rate can be controlled.

Importance of Zakat for Wealth Production

Higher Liquid Assets

Zakat discourages hoarding and people can make use of their liquid assets to promote saving, investment and capital formation in the country. They invest in various sectors of the economy as a result of aggregate production in the economy goes up.

Higher Velocity of Circulation of Money

Zakat promotes the velocity of circulation of money due to which aggregate demand for goods and services increases. It increases the level of investment, income, and employment

Higher Capital Formation

Zakat is paid on saving which remains accumulated for at least one year. Therefore it brings down the absolute amount of saving with a person .to maintain his consumption standard, he gets stimulus to increase the level of saving. hence, marginal saving goes up which can be used to make additions to the existing capital stock of the country. This will certainly promote the production level in the economy.

Higher Efficiency

Since Zakat increases the aggregate demand for consumer goods, consumption function of the community in a macro sense may shift upward. the economy would become more efficient.

Importance of Zakat for Distribution of Wealth

Automatic and Fair Distribution

Since 2.5% of the wealth of the rich is transferred to the poor every year in the form of Zakat. It means the whole wealth of the rich is transferred to the poor section of the community in the forty years. This provides an automatic mechanism for the flow of wealth from the rich to the poor, due to which wealth is fairly distributed among different sections of the society.

Better Allocation of Resources

Transfer of money from the rich to the poor in the form of Zakat would mean that demand for basic necessities of life will increase. This will encourage their production. Scarce resources would be drifted away from the production of luxuries to that of necessities. This is a better allocation and distribution of scarce resources.

Social Welfare

The construction of social welfare institutes with the Zakat fund ensures distributive justice in the economy.

Better Living Standard

Zakat provides a better quality of life to the poor through the process of re-distribution of income.

Wider Circulation of Wealth

Zakat curtails the ratio of wealth concentration in a few hands.

Ayesha Saeed

Types of Soil in Pakistan – Soil Classification & Characteristics

Last Updated on February 5, 2020 By Ayesha Saeed 3 Comments

The physiography of Pakistan is very unique and has a diverse landscape all over the country, with a very distinctly climate in the whole country. Due to these reasons, the physiography of Pakistan is divided according to soil classification.

The type of soil formed is a function of topography, climate, vegetation, and the parent rock from which the soil material is derived.

Soil texture varies with the size of the soil particles. Coarse-textured soils are sandy, fine-textured soils are clayey, and a mixture of sand and clay is called loam. Soils of high organic content are darker in color and have more nutrients for plant growth than those of low organic content. Since most of Pakistan is arid or semi-arid, the soils contain little organic matter.

Soil-forming processes are complex and continuous. As a result, soils vary in their chemical composition, color, texture, and organic content from place to place. The discussion describes only the major Ecological zones of Pakistan.

Pakistan’s Ecological Zones

Pakistan has divided into Major Nine Ecological Zones

1: Northern Mountains Regions

2: Western Mountains Regions

3: Potwar Plateau

4: Sandy Deserts

5: Piedmont Plains

6: Old River Terraces

7: Sub-Recent River Plains

8: Recent River Plains

9: Indus Delta

Sr.No

Name of Zone

Geographical Coverage

Soil Types

Major Crops

Indus Delta

Thatta, Badin

Clayey and Silty

Rice, Pulses, Sugarcane, Berseem, Banana

Southern Irrigated Plains

Hyderabad, Sanghar, Dadu, Khairpur, Larkana, Sukkur, R.Y. Khan, Shikarpur, Jacobabad

Calcareous, Loamy, Silty, Clayey and Sandy

Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Mustard, Sorghum, Berseem

Sandy Desert (a)

Tharparkar, Nawabshah, Bahawalpur, NoderoFeroz, Mirpur Khas, Cholistan

Sandy, Clayey and Loamy

Guar, Millet, Wheat, Castor

Sandy Desert (b)

Muzaffaragarh, Layyah, Sargodha, Khushab

Calcareous, Sandy, Loamy

Gram, Wheat, Cotton, Guar, Sugarcane, Millet

Northern Irrigated Plains (a)

Bahawalnagar, Multan, Khanewal,, Lodhran, Vehari, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Okara, Lahore, Kasure, T.T.Singh, Faisalabad, Jhang, Sheikhpura, Gujranwala, Hafizabad

Sandy, Clayey, Calcareous, Silt-loam

Wheat, Cotton, Millet, Sugarcane, Maize, Berseem, Citrus, Mango, Melons, Oilseeds

Northern Irrigated Plains(b)

Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda, Nowshera, Swabi

Clayey, Moderately Calcareous

Sugarcane, Maize, Gram, Tobacco, Wheat, Millet, Berseem, Groundnut, Sugar beet, Pears, Plum

Barani Lands

Bannu, Mianwali, Attock, Rawalpindi, Jehlum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Mandi Baha-ud-din, Lakki Marwat, Islamabad, Bhakkar, Chakwal, Narowal

Silt loam, Silty clay loam, Clay loam

Wheat, Millet, Maize, Rice, Oilseeds, Pulses, Fodder crops

Wet Mountains

Abbottabad, Hazara, Mansehra, Kohistan, Haripur, Battagram

Silt loam, Silty clays

Maize, Rice, Wheat, Apples

Northern Dry Mountains

Chitral, Dir (Lower and Upper), Swat, Malakand, FATA, Bunair

Clayey, non-Calcareous and acidic (above 2100 altitude) Calcareous at a lower altitude

Maize, Wheat, Rice

10.

Western Dry Mountains

Kohat, Karak, Tank, Zhob, Loralai,Kalat, Sibbi, Quetta, Kachhi, Pishin, Killa Abdullah, Nasirabad, Kohlu, Bolan, Tambo, Jaffarabad, Jhal Magsi, Musa khail, Burkhan, Ziarat, Kila Saifullah, DeraBugti, Mastung

Calcareous loamy

Wheat, Maize, Apples, Peaches, Plums, Apricots, Grapes

11.

Dry Western Plateau

Kharan, Awaran, Chagai, Lasbella, Karachi, Mekran, Turbat, Khuzdar, Gwadar, Panjgor

Strongly Calcareous, Silt loams

Wheat, Sorghum, Millet, Melons

12.

Sulaiman Piedmont

D.I. Khan, D.G.Khan, Rajanpur

Loamy, Clayey, Strongly Calcareous

Wheat, Sorghum, Millet, Gram, Mustard, Rice

The Role of Soil Classification in Agriculture Development

The soil classifies for getting the better result from Pakistan’s agriculture and soil classification identifies the soil category of area features, climatic conditions and types of soil and after classification divided the areas according to soil categories.

Every kind of crop, vegetation, trees, and forests depend up the soil Material. These are cultivated according to the present soil Material for getting a better output of any kind of crops.

Benefits of Soil Classification as All these information can help in the progress of agriculture departments

In soil classification, we collect data on all soil properties and its help in soil Management and its use for specific purposes.
We can determine the nutrient requirements for crops with the help of soil properties.
Soil classifications provide information about soil resources and its use for Pakistani agricultural planning and development.
Through soil classification, we can get detail about a huge area, which is suitable for agriculture or for industries.
Soil classifications provide information about the sandy Mountainous areas of Pakistan, that these are not suitable for agriculture on a national level.
Changa Manga forest totally depends upon the soil because the soil of that area is favorable for the forest. Changa Manga and other forests collectively have the prominent share of agriculture in GDP of Pakistan.
The government can determine the ways of progress in agriculture through soil classification in agriculture if they use the right place for agriculture.
A place is not suitable for every kind of agriculture, because different places have different types of soil. By using the soil classification, we can determine the exit place for exit crop.
Planning for soil and water resources can be determined by the soil classification.

The former can maintain the required level of soil and can improve the yield of their crops if they use their land according to soil classification.

Ayesha Saeed

Sugarcane in Pakistan – Physical and Economic Factors

Last Updated on February 26, 2020 By Ayesha Saeed Leave a Comment

Sugarcane is a Kharif. Sugarcane is an important cash crop of Pakistan. It is a type of long grass “perennial” in nature. The first crop is called “plant cane” and the succeeding crops are called “Ratoon Crops”. Although it is a plant of tropical regions. It can also be cultivated in sub-tropical areas.

In Pakistan, Sugarcane is cultivated in the spring season in the month of February or March. It is harvested in November or December. Sugarcane is included in both Rabi and Kharif Crops. It is a “perennial” crop. The first crop is called “plant cane” and the succeeding crops are called “Ratoon crops”. Generally, good yields from Ratoon crops are obtained only in one or two years.

History of Sugarcane

According to shreds of evidence, this was originated in indo-pak. It’s description found in Indian mythological literature of 1000 B.C.

The people of ancient times were not aware of sugar and were not aware of sugarcane and other means of producing sugar. However, sugar was being sold in the markets of China in the mid of eighteen century. In the European countries, sugar was only found at the tables of the nobles and rich people.

Physical and Economic Factors for Harvesting Sugarcane in Pakistan

Physical Factors

• Climate
• Water
• Soil
• Land

Economic Factors

• Soil Preparation
• Labor
• Stem Quality
• Plantation
• Stem Selection
• Fertilization
• Safety
• Harvesting

Physical Factors

The favorable physical factors for the Sugarcane crop are as under:

Climate

Sugarcane is a crop of hot and humid climate throughout its vegetative growth, with cool and dry ripening and harvesting season.

Temperature

Sugarcane is a crop of wet tropical lands. From 8 to 24 months elapse between 18°C to 29°C. Frost is very dangerous to young cane. The sugarcane needs a minimum of 250 frost free days. Sugarcane plant requires temperatures between 18°C to 30°C, throughout its vegetative growth, while during ripening and harvesting period cool and dry weather is most suitable.

Rainfall / Water

It grows well in areas having rainfall of more than 40 inches annually. It is very sensitive to drought conditions. Stagnant water is very damaging. In our country Sugarcane is cultivated in canal irrigated areas since the rainfall is below 20 inches which are not sufficient. In dry regions 16 to 18 irrigation with four inches of depth is sufficient. A long rainy season of 8 months, with 40 to 60 inches rainfall, with plenty of sunshine is most suitable for the high yielding crop.

Soils

Sugarcane can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy loams the heavy clays but sill loams and clay loams are most suitable. It is grown primarily on both alluvial and red soils. The soil should contain some elements of lime, potash, and nitrogen.

Land

The best land for sugarcane is flat or undulating and fertile with topsoil that retains moisture and subsoils that permit drainage. Therefore the main Sugarcane area in Pakistan is located in the canal colonies of the fertile Indus valley.

Economic Factors

Along with suitable physical conditions, high yields can only be obtained with the help of proper inputs and adopting the best Economic methods.

Soil Preparation

Suitable soil selection is a prerequisite for high yields. For cane crop, Lava soils and Alluvial soils are most suitable. Suitable soil must be well prepared for proper root development, which increases the yield of the crop.

Skilled and Cheap Labour

The skilled and cheap labor is a Major part of crops cultivation and its play a vital role in the yield production and through this source, production can be increased. The saddest part is, Pakistan’s unemployment rate is high a time when skills are required for the job. It’s all because of unplanned policies.

Stem Quality & Planting Time

The long growing period for vegetative growth of the crop increases its yield, therefore optimum planting time must be strictly observed. In subtropical regions, spring is the best planting time. For plantation of one acre of sugarcane 80 to 100 Munds 3200 kg to the 4000kg amount of sugarcane is required. Therefore 35 to 40 thousand pieces of cane stem with two eyes are needed for one-acre cultivation.

Method of Plantation

The Sugarcane crop is propagated from buds (eyes) with the help of stem. Therefore, it is planted in furrows in well prepared and manure fields. The furrows must be 3 to 4 feet apart and stem must be buried at the depth of 12 inches. After plantation, fields are immediately irrigated. For plantation, both manual and mechanical methods are adapted.

Selection of Stem

The Cultivation of specific varieties for recommended regions is essential for the bulk of production. Indian and tropical varieties of sugarcane are specific to their regions. But cross-breed of these varieties are yielding huge production and is becoming the most popular.

Fertilizers Use

The Sugarcane crop requires heavy manuring of natural and chemical fertilizers for persistently high yields. Therefore balanced and in time fertilizer application result in yields.

Safety of Crop

For Controlling of diseases, insects and weeds are very necessary because they cause up to losses. Therefore, for better yields, remedial measures are necessary to control the pests and diseases.

Harvesting

The Sugarcane is cut at or near the surface of the ground and stripped of its leaves by knife hook and trimmed at the top near the mature joint. Then it is transported to the factory for sugar preparation or it is locally consumed for making Gur and Khandsari.

After crushing cane and preparation of sugar, Bagasse and molasses are two major products of the sugar industry. Bagasse is being used for fuel in mills, making chipboard and paper. While molasses is used for making alcohol, synthetic rubber and animal feed etc.

Production Areas for Sugarcane in Pakistan

In Pakistan, a sub-tropical continental climate militates against the growth of thick canals. All the areas of our country are not suited to the growth of Sugarcane. It is mostly cultivated in canal irrigated areas of Punjab, KPK and Sindh provinces.

Punjab

Faisalabad, Sargodha, Multan, Bahawalpur, Lahore, and Gujranwala division are famous for Sugarcane production.

Sindh

Hyderabad division ranks first and Sukkur division second in the production of Sugarcane.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – KPK

Mardan and Peshawar districts are at the top and some amount of Sugar cane is also produced in the districts of Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan.

Sugarcane Production in Pakistan

	Punjab	Sindh	KPK	Balochistan	Pakistan
000 tones	37481.0	13766.4	4030.3	30.8	55308.5

Ayesha Saeed